Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) provides efficient removal for many organic compounds and sum parameters. However, observed in situ removal efficiencies tend to scatter and cannot be predicted easily. In this paper, a method is introduced which allows to identify and eliminate biased samples and to quantify simultaneously the impact of (i) redox conditions (ii) kinetics (iii) residual threshold values below which no removal occurs and (iv) field site specifics. It enables to rule out spurious correlations between these factors and therefore improves the predictive power. The method is applied to an extensive database from three MAR field sites which was compiled in the NASRI project (2002–2005, Berlin, Germany). Removal characteristics for 38 organic parameters are obtained, of which 9 are analysed independently in 2 different laboratories. Out of these parameters, mainly pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) but also sum parameters and industrial chemicals, four compounds are shown to be readily removable whereas six are persistent. All partly removable compounds show a redox dependency and most of them reveal either kinetic dependencies or residual threshold values, which are determined. Differing removal efficiencies at different field sites can usually be explained by characteristics (i) to (iii).
Highlights
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) describes intentional infiltration, treatment and storage of water in aquifers
Details of the Wannsee bank filtration (BF) site were presented focussing on redox conditions (Massmann et al, 2008a), re-aeration due to waterlevel fluctuations (Massmann & Sültenfuß, 2008, Kofahl et al, 2009), phenazone type pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) (Massmann et al, 2008a) and antimicrobial residues (Heberer et al, 2008)
The number of samples that are available for interpretation is reduced for two reasons: First, several samples are subject to mixing processes and second, for organic water parameters with high residence times the corresponding concentration at the time of infiltration is prior to the first sampling campaign and no removal can be calculated
Summary
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) describes intentional infiltration, treatment and storage of water in aquifers. Stuyfzand et al, 2007, Heberer et al, 2008, Baumgarten et al, 2011) Factors such as threshold values (residual concentrations below which no removal occurs) and field site specifics may have an impact but have so far achieved little attention in the literature. In this context, the surface water concentration at the time of infiltration is crucial. Field site specific removal may occur without correlation to one of the analysed factors
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