Abstract
Several studies in Tanzania focus on land use/cover change (LULC) at coarse scale and without considering the adjoining (interface) landscapes i.e. landscape link community farming systems and forest/nature reserves. In the Eastern Arc Mountains in particular, LULC change that confront the interface between surrounding community landscape and nature reserves and the associated livelihood are not well understood. A study was conducted in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania to explore the potential impacts of LULC on the interface between Magamba Nature Reserve (MNR) and the landscape of the surrounding community villages. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to quantify and analyse the trend in LULC changes over the past 31 years whereby satellite images of 1984, 1995 and 2015 were used. Household surveys, field observations and focus group discussions to 72 households in 3 villages surrounding the nature reserve were employed to capture data on human activities in the interface. The change detection was done by post classification approach using image interpreter| GIS analysis| matrix tool in QGIS software and processed in an intensity analysis program (Pontius matrix excel sheet). Descriptive statistical analysis (frequency counts and percentages) was used to explain human activities of communities adjacent to the MNR. Qualitative data were analysed using content and structural functional analytical techniques. Over the period (1984-2015) natural forest covering the major part of reserve decreased by 14%. The declining trend for forests in the study area is largely attributed to the increasing agricultural activities, settlements and infrastructure. Results revealed further that natural forest area and wetlands had active intensity of gain over the period 1984-1995 while in the 1995-2015 period had active intensity of loss. The most common human activities related to the spatial and temporal dynamics of LULC change in the MNR interface were firewood collection for household use, collection of medicinal plants, illegal timber harvesting, animal grazing, cutting trees for building poles and charcoal burning. Firewood collection is the most important human activity associated with forest degradation in MNR interface. Collection of medicinal plants from the reserve is associated with forest destructive process in the sense that it involves uprooting plants, root cutting, and tree ring debarking. The study recommends that policy makers as well as nongovernmental organizations should identify and establish potential low cost alternative sources of energy for usage by rural domestic household. Further research to predict and map spatial and temporal LULC dynamics at landscape scale should consider future scenarios on the evolution of forest-rural landscape interfaces and their impact on the provisioning of ecosystem services (ESS).
Highlights
Global climate and ongoing changes threaten the livelihood of smallholder farmers mainly in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [13]
In a study conducted by [20] in Pugu Forest Reserve in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania reported that in 1984 the forest reserve covered 74.6% when compared to the other land use/covers
Over a period of 31 years (1984 - 2015) natural forest covering the major part of Magamba Nature Reserve decreased by 14% (Figures 3 and 4)
Summary
Global climate and ongoing changes threaten the livelihood of smallholder farmers mainly in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [13]. Pose the most serious environmental threat to the fight against hunger, malnutrition, disease and poverty in developing countries, mainly through its impact on agricultural productivity [15]. In Tanzania smallholder farmers faces serious challenges in agricultural production due to changes in rainfall and growing season characteristics [27]. Another study conducted in semiarid areas of Iringa region in Tanzania, reported that smallholder farmers perceived climate change in terms of changes in temperature, rainfall, increase in drought condition and increase in malaria and crop pests and diseases [11]. In this study it was observed that change in rainfall and temperature patterns, and occurrence of pests and diseases had significant impact on food security and smallholder farmers’ livelihood
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