Abstract
Currently, Phuket Island is facing water scarcity because water demand for consumption was approximately 51 million m3/year, whereas water supply was only about 46 million m3/year. Thus, the study of water supply, demand and balancing are important for effective water resources management. This study aims to simulate the LULC data using the CLUE-S model, estimate water supply using the SWAT model, and calculate water demand using a water footprint basis for water balancing on the Island. In addition, tourist water demand was separately estimated under normal and new normal conditions (COVID-19 pandemic) to fit with the actual situation at national and international levels. Water balance results with the consideration of ecological water requirements suggest that a water deficit occurs every year under the dry year scenario in normal and new normal conditions. In addition, the monthly water balance indicates that a water deficit occurs in the summer season every year, both without and with the consideration of ecological water requirements. Consequently, it can be concluded that remote sensing data with advanced geospatial models can provide essential information about water supply, demand, and balance for water resources management, particularly water scarcity, in Phuket Island in the future. Additionally, this study’s conceptual framework and research workflows can assist government agencies in examining water deficits in other areas.
Highlights
According to the annual report of Phuket Province in 2010, water demand for consumption was approximately 51 million m3 /year, whereas water supply was about 46 million m3 /year
These results indicate that the increase in urban and built-up areas in 2019 was due to the conversion of perennial trees and orchards and idle land in 2014
The estimated annual evapotranspiration varies from 1281.50 mm to 1298.60 mm, with an average annual evapotranspiration value of 1291.67 mm. These findings indicate that LULC change affects water yield through its hydrologic component and evapotranspiration because, as significant input data for water yield estimation, rainfall data are fixed, while LULC data are dynamic
Summary
According to the annual report of Phuket Province in 2010, water demand for consumption was approximately 51 million m3 /year, whereas water supply was about 46 million m3 /year. The water supply is categorized into three groups: surface water, groundwater, and seawater. Surface water accounts for about 38 million m3 /year, or 82% of the total water supply. Groundwater accounts for about 4 million m3 /year or 9%. Of the total water supply, and seawater accounts for 4 million m3 /year or 9% of the total water supply. The average water demand increases by about 2% per year according to economic growth and tourism. The water demand estimates for 2017, 2027, and 2037 are approximately 61 million m3 , 78 million m3 , and 101 million m3 , respectively [1]
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