Remote Monitoring in Heart Failure Patient: A Review of Non-invasive Approach

Abstract

Remote monitoring (RM) has been actively developed in recent years, including in of patients with chronic heart failure. Unlike invasive methods, non-invasive methods do not involve surgical risks and offer a wide range of management options: telemonitoring, virtual visits, forward triage, hospital telemedicine, telerehabilitation, psychological support. The first RM was performed by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers from different specialties and showed effectiveness. Unfortunately, attempts to use modern technology to reduce human involvement have often been unsuccessful. However, the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a dramatic development of mHealth. Today, there is a huge variety of methods available, but it is still impossible to give a definitive answer about the effectiveness of non-invasive RM due to the lack of uniform standards, imperfect legislation, regional, social and economic differences in the availability of technology. Nevertheless, it was included in the European Society of Cardiology clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure in 2021 (IIb). This review focuses on the history of development, current and potentially effective methods, the problems they aim to solve, and the challenges society needs to overcome to use them effectively.