Abstract
This paper is the companion paper of Remote Microgrids for Energy Access in Indonesia “Part I: scaling and sustainability challenges and a technology outlook”. This part II investigates the issues of photovoltaic (PV) systems with respect to the planning, design, and operation, and maintenance phases in microgrids in Indonesia. The technology outlooks are also included as PV has an important role in providing electricity in the underdeveloped, isolated, and border areas. The data in this paper are from PV microgrids located in Maluku and North Maluku, which are two provinces where there is barely any grid connection available and thus very dependent on remote microgrids. The data are obtained from interviews with Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) and NZMATES, which are an Indonesian utility company and a program for supporting role for the PV systems in Maluku funded by New Zealand respectively. Common issues with respect to reliability and sustainability are identified based on the provided data. Advanced technologies to increase reliability and sustainability are also presented in this paper as a technology outlook. Among these solutions are online monitoring systems, PV and battery lifetime estimation, load forecasting strategies, and PV inverters technology.
Highlights
Published: 21 October 2021Indonesia is predicted to reach the peak of demographic dividend between 2020–2030 [1] which theoretically has the potential to increase investments and output per capita
Internal and ambient temperature measurement, battery pack and cell voltage measurement, and electrolyte level visual check are recommended for the maintenance check according to IEEE
Microinverters only, which is lower than the rated battery system voltage in the range of remote monitoring systems, battery and lifetime estimation, load forecasting, remote monitoring the systems, battery and PVa is focused on switching equipment
Summary
Indonesia is predicted to reach the peak of demographic dividend (when the population in working ages will be at the highest) between 2020–2030 [1] which theoretically has the potential to increase investments and output per capita. Indonesia needs to reshape the focus more on renewable energy, to reach their targeted and accelerate the access to electricity in rural or remote areas, increasing the percent in 2025 ratio and 2030. PV microgrids areThe seen as a solution to for increase the that renewable energy penetration rate only initial investment costs. They include the costs made for design, procurement ofthe maand accelerate the access to electricity in rural or remote areas, increasing terials, construction, and final commissioning, without provisions for the. To investigate the actual problems in planning, design, and O&M phases of PV microgrids in Indonesia including the examples of PV hybrid systems in MMU.
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