Abstract
Autophagy is the spontaneous degradation of intracellular proteins and organelles in response to nutrient deprivation. The phagocytosis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) results in intracellular degradation that can be exploited for use in cancer treatment. Non-invasive magnetic control has emerged as an important technology, with breakthroughs achieved in areas such as magneto-thermal therapy and drug delivery. This study aimed to regulate autophagy in mouse B-lymphoma cells (A20) through the incorporation of IONPs–quantum dots (QDs). We hypothesized that with the application of an external magnetic field after phagocytosis of IONPs–QDs, autophagy of intracellular IONPs–QDs could be regulated in a non-invasive manner and subsequently modulate the regulation of inflammatory responses. The potential of this approach as a cancer treatment method was explored. The application of IONPs and an external magnetic force enabled the non-invasive regulation of cell autophagy and modulation of the self-regulatory function of cells. The combination of non-invasive magnetic fields and nanotechnology could provide a new approach to cancer treatment.
Highlights
Autophagy is an important and highly conserved mechanism in the evolution of eukaryotes [1]
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) conjugated with quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized for image tracking in cells
A20 cancer cells phagocytosed a significant amount of IONPs, and upon application of an external magnetic field in a specific direction, they aggregated in cells and induced LC3 proteins to migrate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during autophagy, leading to significant proinflammatory cytokine production
Summary
Autophagy is an important and highly conserved mechanism in the evolution of eukaryotes [1]. In conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, pathogenic invasion, or endoplasmic reticulum stress, cells can degrade their intracellular proteins and organelles with lysosomes, helping to maintain the balance between the synthesis and degradation of cellular products [2,3]. Some studies have suggested that autophagy removes damaged organelles and proteins, and could be useful as a tumor-inhibiting mechanism to limit cell growth and genome instability [6,7]. The presentation of associated antigens was decreased, which limited subsequent treatment efficacy Such data jointly demonstrate that induced autophagy may be useful for anti-tumor applications. The study showed that the induction of autophagy in cancer cells enhances anti-tumor immunity and results in the reduction of tumor size, thereby confirming the suitability of cancer cells as an experimental model for the study of autophagy in combination with chemotherapy
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