Abstract
ABSTRACTPurposeTo clarify the best protocol for performing remote ischemic conditioning and to minimize the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome in brain, the present study aimed to evaluate different time protocols and the relation of the organs and the antioxidant effects of this technique.MethodsThe rat’s left femoral artery was clamped with a microvascular clamp in times that ranged from 1 to 5 minutes, according to the corresponding group. After the cycles of remote ischemic conditioning and a reperfusion of 20 minutes, the brain and the left gastrocnemius were collected. The samples were used to measure glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase levels.ResultsIn the gastrocnemius, the 4-minute protocol increased the catalase concentration compared to the 1-minute protocol, but the latter increased both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase compared to the former. On the other hand, the brain demonstrated higher catalase and glutathione peroxidase in 5-minute group, and the 3-minute group reached higher values of glutathione reductase.ConclusionsRemote ischemic conditioning increases brain antioxidant capacity in a time-dependent way, while muscle presents higher protection on 1-minute cycles and tends to decrease its defence with longer cycles of intermittent occlusions of the femoral artery.
Highlights
Ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R) occur when the blood flow is interrupted to an organ or tissue and, after a certain time, it is reestablished
To clarify the best protocol for performing remote ischemic conditioning and to minimize the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome in brain, the present study aimed to evaluate different time protocols and the relation of the organs and the antioxidant effects of this technique
In the gastrocnemius, the 4-minute protocol increased the catalase concentration compared to the 1-minute protocol, but the latter increased both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase compared to the former
Summary
Ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R) occur when the blood flow is interrupted to an organ or tissue and, after a certain time, it is reestablished. The reperfusion injury is an important factor that triggers a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as a stroke[1]. During the process of I/R damage, a cascade of pathological events leads to excitotoxicity, inflammatory response, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes multiple and progressive damages, such as lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial injury[2]. A new technique called remote ischemic conditioning has recently been described in order to reduce the consequences of oxidative stress caused by I/R injury. Such procedure consists of repeated cycles of ischemia and reperfusion, which can be applied prior to the ischemia (preconditioning)[3], during the ischemia (perconditioning)[4] or after the ischemia (postconditioning)[5]. Remote ischemic conditioning is considered an important protective therapy to brain tissue[6,7], as well as muscle tissue, which can be protected from damage of the I/R syndrome such as rhabdomyolysis[8] and raise the levels of antioxidant defense such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR)
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