Abstract
Design and implementation of remotely pumped amplifiers in repeaterless transmission systems are being reviewed. Here, we discuss Raman amplifiers, as well as remote pumping of erbium-doped fiber post- and preamplifiers. Since the advent of semiconductor laser-pumped high-power sources Raman amplification has become a viable alternative to remote erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The main advantages include simplicity and low cost of implementation as well as potential retrofitting into already installed systems. However, the optimum performance is obtained from a combination of Raman gain and remote erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. A remote preamplifier experiment including Raman amplification has, for example, demonstrated a power budget improvement of 19.7 dB. Raman amplification by itself offers approximately 7 dB of improvement.
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