Abstract
This paper highlights the problems associated with the outlets in the irrigation system of Pakistan, leading to the design of outlets, to trace the gradual evolution of various outlets types and to describe most of the types that have been evolved so far. The advantages and limitations of each type have been examined critically so that the selection of a type for any particular set of conditions may be rendered easy. An outlet is a flow measuring and controlling device between farmer’s land and an irrigation system. In Punjab about fifty thousand outlets irrigate an area of approximately 25.5 million acres annually. Improperly designed outlets may cause a number of problems such as variation in their coefficients of discharge, inequitable distribution of water, silting of canals, inadequate availability water at the lowest outlets, lack of incentives for saving of water and poor drainage. Field calibration of the irrigation outlets proved that their calibrated Cd. vary from the designed Cd. (0.6 for OF & 0.9 for AOSM), as outlets were not designed according to their designed parameters. Defective outlets were also the main cause of silting in canals. The pipe-cum-semi module was very helpful to draw silt from the bed of the parent channel in a case if we want a higher setting of outlet. 20% of canal water in Rabi season and 40% water in Kharif season were snatched by illegally Theft problem. In order to prevent theft, the outlets should be tamper proof and the irrigation department should adopt the legal procedure strictly. All over the world, the engineers and farmers designed and installed various kinds of farm outlets suiting their local conditions. Work is being carried out to make them structurally, hydraulically and economically fit. An attempt is made to bring all the information together leading to economical and efficient design of outlets and to look upon their possibility of adaptability in Pakistan.
Highlights
Economy of Pakistan is based on Agricultures Sector that contributes 25% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and absorbs 50% of the total labour force of the nation
Irrigation is very important for the crop production and Pakistan is the distinguished irrigated country in the world having 16 million hectares of irrigated land that is equivalent to 20% of the territory of 800,000 square km or 76% of cultivated land
The results revealed that current situation poor adequacy, reliability and equity of water delivery service with low user satisfaction together with fair efficiency in exploiting the limited irrigation resources
Summary
Economy of Pakistan is based on Agricultures Sector that contributes 25% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and absorbs 50% of the total labour force of the nation. The main test parameter of a properly designed irrigation system is the uniform distribution of water among all areas This distribution is controlled and carried out via a hydraulic structure known as Outlet;. Performance of three water delivery systems was evaluated over four irrigation seasons, using the indicators of adequacy, efficiency, dependability and equity developed by Molden and Gates [2]. The 21 outlets located on three minors learning Operational Instructions which had prime at head, middle and tail reach of the left main canal role in increasing water delivery performance of were used for parameter evaluation under 5-month irrigation canals. This study will be very helpful to solve the phenomenon of proportional distribution of water in the Punjab canals
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