Abstract
White spot lesions (WSLs) are irreversible damages in orthodontic treatment due to excessive etching or demineralization by microorganisms. In this study, we conducted a mechanical and cell viability test to examine the antibacterial properties of 0.2% and 1% bioactive glass (BAG) and silver-doped and zinc-doped BAGs in a primer and evaluated their clinical applicability to prevent WSLs. The microhardness statistically significantly increased in the adhesive-containing BAG, while the other samples showed no statistically significant difference compared with the control group. The shear bond strength of all samples increased compared with that of the control group. The cell viability of the control and sample groups was similar within 24 h, but decreased slightly over 48 h. All samples showed antibacterial properties. Regarding remineralization property, the group containing 0.2% of the samples showed remineralization properties compared with the control group, but was not statistically significant; further, the group containing 1% of the samples showed a significant difference compared with the control group. Among them, the orthodontic bonding primer containing 1% silver-doped BAG showed the highest remineralization property. The new orthodontic bonding primer used in this study showed an antimicrobial effect, chemical remineralization effect, and WSL prevention as well as clinically applicable properties, both physically and biologically.
Highlights
White spot lesions (WSLs), which are iatrogenic damages caused by orthodontic treatment, are one of the major causes of esthetic damage
In WSL, the lesions become opaque, making them look whiter than the surroundings owing to the increased porosity of the enamel surface caused by carious demineralization [1]
We investigated the possibility of their clinical application by evaluating the mechanical properties, cell viability, remineralization, and antibacterial effect of orthodontic bonding primers containing Ag- or Zn-doped bioactive glass (BAG)
Summary
White spot lesions (WSLs), which are iatrogenic damages caused by orthodontic treatment, are one of the major causes of esthetic damage. In WSL, the lesions become opaque, making them look whiter than the surroundings owing to the increased porosity of the enamel surface caused by carious demineralization [1]. The incidence of WSL in orthodontic patients varies from 4.9% to 84% and is more prevalent in the upper anterior teeth than in the lower anterior teeth, resulting in an undesirable esthetic state [2,3]. The underlying mechanisms of WSLs due to orthodontic treatment are as follows: First, plaque deposition occurs owing to orthodontic appliance attachment. Because of the orthodontic appliance, a plaque retention area is formed creating an environment where the bacteria can grow and the organic acid generated by the grown bacteria demineralizes the tooth surface. Excessive etching to increase the physical adhesion through increased surface areas increases the enamel surface susceptibility [4]
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