Abstract
The petroleum industry’s development has been supported by the demand for petroleum and its by-products. During extraction and transportation, however, oil will leak into the soil, destroying the structure and quality of the soil and even harming the health of plants and humans. Scientists are researching and developing remediation techniques to repair and re-control the afflicted environment due to the health risks and social implications of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Remediation of soil contamination produced by petroleum hydrocarbons, on the other hand, is a difficult and time-consuming job. Microbial remediation is a focus for soil remediation because of its convenience of use, lack of secondary contamination, and low cost. This review lists the types and capacities of microorganisms that have been investigated to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. However, investigations have revealed that a single microbial remediation faces difficulties, such as inconsistent remediation effects and substantial environmental consequences. It is necessary to understand the composition and source of pollutants, the metabolic genes and pathways of microbial degradation of petroleum pollutants, and the internal and external aspects that influence remediation in order to select the optimal remediation treatment strategy. This review compares the degradation abilities of microbial–physical, chemical, and other combination remediation methods, and highlights the degradation capabilities and processes of the greatest microbe-biochar, microbe–nutrition, and microbe–plant technologies. This helps in evaluating and forecasting the chemical behavior of contaminants with both short- and long-term consequences. Although there are integrated remediation strategies for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons, practical remediation remains difficult. The sources and quantities of petroleum pollutants, as well as their impacts on soil, plants, and humans, are discussed in this article. Following that, the focus shifted to the microbiological technique of degrading petroleum pollutants and the mechanism of the combined microbial method. Finally, the limitations of existing integrated microbiological techniques are highlighted.
Highlights
These intermediates are converted to catechol intermediates via ortho- or meta-cleavage pathways, which are integrated into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) [73,86]
In high-concentration petroleum-contaminated soil (≥10,000 mg/kg), the addition of biochar, electric fields, nutrients, and biosurfactants can all make the removal rate of petroleum pollutants reach more than 60%
1.21%, and the removal rate of Testuca arundinacea for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) was 64.0 ±soil after the issues of a unique remediation, no one method is best for all types of pollutants or all 90 days of repair, and the removal rate of biological flora was 54.6 ± 1.3% [151]
Summary
The plaintiff (30,000 individuals of mixed races and indigenous peoples) was awarded USD 9.5 billion by the Cuban Supreme Court in 2013 [8] This demonstrates that petroleum pollutants have a negative influence on society in addition to destroying the environment. Incineration, landfill, leaching, chemical oxidation, and microbiological treatment are used to remediate petroleum-contaminated soil. These technologies can extract, remove, transform, or mineralize petroleum pollutants in a contaminated environment, transforming them into a less damaging, harmless, and stable form [9]. The source, categorization, and content of hydrocarbon contamination in soil, as well as its influence on the environment and human health, are discussed in this article.
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