Remediation of Cd and Cu Contaminated Agricultural Soils near Oilfields by Biochar Combined with Sodium Humate-Wood Vinegar

Abstract

Soil contaminations by heavy metals near oilfields have been widely reported and are causing great concern. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop cost-effective materials and methods to avoid heavy metal residues contaminating soil and food. An effective, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive remediation material for heavy metal-polluted soil was designed and prepared using biochar (BC) combined with humic acid (HA) resulting from sodium humate (NaHA) simply reacting with wood vinegar (BHW). After adding BHW, the chemical fractions of copper and cadmium in the soil undergo larger changes. Meanwhile, the availability of heavy metals decreases. The maximum adsorption capacity of copper and cadmium in the soil using the BHW is larger than that only using biochar. The adsorption kinetics ensures that the adsorption process of Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions on BHW is chemical adsorption, which is best fitted using the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The thermodynamics guarantees that the metal ions adsorb on the heterogeneous surface of BHW in multilayer, which is credited to the enhancement of oxygen-containing groups in the biochar combined with the humic acid. The remediation material BHW holds promise for the immobilization of heavy metal in the soils and could be recommended based on its economic feasibility, high efficacy, and environmental safety.