Abstract
The increased need to gather scientific data and the renewed drive to explore underwater natural resources has led more and more researchers to study the underwater environment. This has resulted in enormous attention being given to Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) all over the world. However, UWSNs are faced with some major challenges including harsh environment, higher propagation delay, and limited battery power of the sensor nodes. To address these challenges, several routing schemes have been proposed. In this paper, we propose a routing strategy, called Reliable Path Selection and Opportunistic Routing (RPSOR) for UWSNs, which is a significantly improved version of Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR). RPSOR is based on three main factors: Advancement factor (ADV f ), which depends on the depth of current as well as next hop forwarding node; Reliability index (REL i ), which depends on the energy of the current forwarder as well as average energy in the next expected forwarding region; and Shortest Path Index (SP i ), which is calculated on the basis of number of hops to the sink and average depth of neighbors in the next expected hop. To deal with the void hole problem and improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), we follow the more reliable path towards the sink by calculating REL i for a node. At the end, we perform extensive simulations and compare our proposed scheme with WDFAD-DBR, the results of which prove that RPSOR shows better performance in terms of PDR and energy tax in comparison to WDFAD-DBR. However, the proposed work compromises end-to-end delay in sparse networks.
Highlights
The planet earth is predominantly covered by water
To further improve the performance of WDFAD-Depth Based Routing (DBR), in this paper, we propose a novel protocol called Reliable Path Selection and Opportunistic Routing (RPSOR), which makes routing decisions based on priority function (PF) composed of three elements: Advancement factor ADVf, Reliability index RELi and Shortest Path index Shortest Path Index (SPi)
The proposed scheme is an improved version of WDFAD-DBR, which recognizes and solves the potential barriers to the effective performance in WDFAD-DBR without compromising much in terms of E2ED, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), cost and other parameters
Summary
The planet earth is predominantly covered by water. Since the natural resources are being depleted elsewhere, humans are more focused on undersea exploration, low visibility and high pressure limit their ability to communicate in the water or explore the undersea environment. Long propagation delay is one of the major challenges in UWSNs, because the speed of propagation of acoustic signals is 1500 m/s (under normal conditions), which is around five times lesser than radio wave propagation speed (3 × 108 m/s) This may vary, depending on factors like temperature, depth, salinity, etc. Reliability is mainly achieved only by taking the depth of the two hops into account These protocols cannot increase the holding time difference among the neighboring hops to avoid duplication and packet collision at the receiver end. To improve the performance of state-of–the-art routing protocols, in this paper, we propose a protocol called Reliable Path Selection and Opportunistic Routing (RPSOR) for UWSNs. RPSOR calculates the holding time for forwarders, taking the following points into consideration: VOLUME 8, 2020.
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