Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) stereophotography area measurements are essential for describing morphology in the periocular region. However, its reliability has not yet been sufficiently validated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetric area measurements in the periocular region. Forty healthy volunteers had five flat paper objects placed at each of the seven periocular positions including the endocanthion and the upper medial, upper middle, upper lateral, lower medial, lower middle, and the lower lateral eyelid. Two series of photographic images were captured twice by the same investigator. Each image of the first series was measured twice by the same rater, while images of both series were measured once by a second rater. Differences between these measurements were calculated, and the intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability was evaluated for intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), mean absolute differences (MADs), technical errors of measurements (TEMs), relative errors of measurements (REMs), and relative TEM (rTEM). Our results showed that 21.2% of all ICCs were considered as excellent, 45.5% were good, 27.3% were moderate, and 6.1% were poor. The interrater ICC for the endocanthion location was 0.4% on a low level. MAD values for all objects were less than 0.3 mm2, all TEM were less than 1 mm2, the REM and rTEM were less than 2% for all objects, showing high reliability. 3D stereophotogrammetry is a highly reliable system for periocular area measurements and may be used in the clinical routine for planning oculoplastic surgeries and for evaluating changes in periocular morphology.Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Highlights
Quantitative analysis of facial anthropometry plays a vital role in the monitoring of growth, plastic surgery design, postoperative effect evaluation, as well as the measurement of facial morphology and deformity [1]
Each image of the first series was measured twice by the same rater, while images of both series were measured once by a second rater. Differences between these measurements were calculated, and the intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability was evaluated for intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), mean absolute differences (MADs), technical errors of measurements (TEMs), relative errors of measurements (REMs), and relative TEM
Volume measurement is claimed to be inaccurate according to the technical information and product introduction provided by the manufacturer of the 3D stereophotogrammetry Vectra-M3 system, and some researcher reported that the accuracy of volume measurement by 3D stereophotogrammetry is not satisfactory when measuring delicate parts such as periocular tissues [5]
Summary
Quantitative analysis of facial anthropometry plays a vital role in the monitoring of growth, plastic surgery design, postoperative effect evaluation, as well as the measurement of facial morphology and deformity [1]. Continuous cooperation, and image distortion due to depth illusion deficiency are inevitable for both traditional direct or twodimensional measurement methods, the accurate measurement of area and volume is unattainable for these two methods [3]. Aesth Plast Surg (2021) 45:1601–1610 play an increasingly important role in the description of facial morphologies [4]. Measurements for area and volume become a unique advantage and provide a novel and accurate facial description method. Compared with traditional linear measurement (composed of two points) or angle measurement (composed of three points), area or volume-based-stereophotogrammetry application becomes more and more important in clinical practice [6,7,8]. Volume measurement is claimed to be inaccurate according to the technical information and product introduction provided by the manufacturer of the 3D stereophotogrammetry Vectra-M3 system (https://www. canfieldsci.com/imaging-systems/vectra-m3-3d-imagingsystem/), and some researcher reported that the accuracy of volume measurement by 3D stereophotogrammetry is not satisfactory when measuring delicate parts such as periocular tissues [5]
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