Reliability of Noninvasive Sonic Tomography for the Detection of Internal Defects in Old, Large Trees of Abies holophylla Maxim

Abstract

Internal decay and cavities in wood are known to reduce the structural functionality of trees. Such damage may lead to detrimental effects not only on the wood, but also on humans. This is especially the case with old, large trees that are more vulnerable to heavy snow and strong wind. Thus, preventative management (e.g., detecting internal wood defects) is essential. The present study investigated the reliability of noninvasive measurements using sonic tomography (SoT) to detect internal defects in Abies holophylla Maxim. trees and compared the results with measurements using the invasive method of resistance microdrilling (RM). The tomograms were visually compared with tree cross-section images. The results of SoT and RM showed no significant differences, while the explanatory power, as determined by a regression analysis, were considerably high at 67% with a positive correlation between the two methods. In comparison to the cross-section images, the tomograms were found to reflect the size and position of internal decay, although the detected size tended to be larger than the actual decay area. Our findings indicate SoT as a promising noninvasive technique for detecting internal defects in A. holophylla trees.