Abstract
The design vertical loads on box culverts under embankments are commonly calculated using the soil-structure interaction factors ( F e ) recommended by the American Society of Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Non-linear finite element analyses were used to update F e given by AASHTO by considering the effects of backfill height, culvert stiffness, backfill material stiffness, backfill compaction, and the rigidity of the layer on which the culvert rests. A simplified reliability analysis was performed to determine the adequacy of safety level in AASHTO load resistance factor design (LRFD) code specifications.
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