Abstract
(1) Purpose: Predisposing factors to osteoporosis (OP) as well as dual-source x-ray densitometry (DXA) steer therapeutic decisions by determining the FRAX index. This study examines the reliability of a standard risk factor questionnaire in OP-screening. (2) Methods: n = 553 eligible questionnaires encompassed 24 OP-predisposing factors. Reliability was assessed using DXA as a gold standard. Multiple logistic regression and Spearman’s correlations, as well as the confounding influence of age and body mass index, were analyzed in SPSS (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). (3) Results: Our study revealed low patient self-awareness regarding OP and its risk factors. One out of every four patients reported a positive history for osteoporosis not confirmed by DXA. The extraordinarily high incidence of rheumatoid arthritis and thyroid disorders likely reflect confusion with other diseases or health anxiety. FRAX-determining risk factors such as malnutrition, liver insufficiency, prior fracture without trauma, and glucocorticoid therapy did not correlate with increased OP incidence, altogether demonstrating how inaccurate survey information could influence therapeutic decisions on osteoporosis. (4) Conclusions: Contradictive results and a low level of patient self-awareness suggest a high degree of uncertainty and low reliability of the current OP risk factor survey.
Highlights
IntroductionDensitometry (ISCD) define osteoporosis (OP) as the reduction of the bone mineral density (BMD) by equal or more than 2.5 standard deviations from the average of a healthy young adult pool, matched for the biological sex and ethnicity (T-score ≤ −2.5) [1,2,3,4]
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Society for ClinicalDensitometry (ISCD) define osteoporosis (OP) as the reduction of the bone mineral density (BMD) by equal or more than 2.5 standard deviations from the average of a healthy young adult pool, matched for the biological sex and ethnicity (T-score ≤ −2.5) [1,2,3,4]
In addition to the correlation of eating disorders (ED) with OP, we examined the influence of the body mass index (BMI) on BMD
Summary
Densitometry (ISCD) define osteoporosis (OP) as the reduction of the bone mineral density (BMD) by equal or more than 2.5 standard deviations from the average of a healthy young adult pool, matched for the biological sex and ethnicity (T-score ≤ −2.5) [1,2,3,4]. Precise diagnosis is of major concern; many studies revolve around the problem of over-or underestimation [5], its associated fracture morbidity, and costs [6,7,8]. OP is associated with increased fracture risk and requires therapeutic intervention. The FRAX® index is a WHO-endorsed fracture probability prediction model [1,14], which implements the femoral neck BMD and various risk factors such as previous atraumatic Foundation (NOF), OP is defined by the minimum T-score at any measuring site [3,11,12,13].
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