Abstract
Smart microgrids (SMGs), as cyber–physical systems, are essential parts of smart grids. The SMGs’ cyber networks facilitate efficient system operation. However, cyber failures and interferences might adversely affect the SMGs. The available studies about SMGs have paid less attention to SMGs’ cyber–physical features compared to other subjects. Although a few current research works have studied the cyber impacts on SMGs’ reliability, there is a research gap about reliability evaluation simultaneously concerning all cyber failures and interferences under various cyber network topologies and renewable distributions scenarios. This article aims to fill such a gap by developing a new Monte Carlo simulation-based reliability assessment method considering cyber elements’ failures, data/information transmission errors, and routing errors under various cyber network topologies. Considering the microgrid control center (MGCC) faults in comparion to other failures and interferences is one of the major contributions of this study. The reliability evaluation of SMGs under various cyber network topologies, particularly based on an MGCC’s redundancy, highlights this research’s advantages. Moreover, studying the interactions of uncertainties for cyber systems and distributed generations (DGs) under various DG scenarios is another contribution. The proposed method is applied to a test system using actual historical data. The comparative test results illustrate the advantages of the proposed method.
Highlights
The microgrid (MG) concept has received a great deal of attention because of its contribution to emission mitigation and sustainable development [1,2,3]
The selected cyber–power MGs (CPMGs) has been equipped with a 500 kWh energy storage system (ESS)
If it is desired to mitigate the impacts of delays of information channels on the CPMG’s reliability, the maximum tolerable latency rate of the information channels should
Summary
The microgrid (MG) concept has received a great deal of attention because of its contribution to emission mitigation and sustainable development [1,2,3]. The cyber system impacts, such as other uncertainties, might influence smart grids and MGs’ reliability [6,7,8]. The impacts of the uncertainties in the output power of renewable distributed generations (DGs) on MGs’ reliability have been studied in the literature, such as in [9,10,11], less attention has been paid to the eventual cyber–power uncertainties and interdependencies of cyber–power MGs (CPMGs). The sequential MCS has been adopted to quantify the MGs’ reliability due to frequency control issues, while cyber failures have been of concern in [13]. In [14,15], the MCSbased smart grid’s reliability evaluation methods considering the impacts of direct and indirect cyber–power interdependencies have been reported, respectively. Wang et al [16]
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