Abstract
To reach effective monitoring and control, a physical power grid couples with a communication network and evolves into cyber–physical power systems (CPPS), but this cyber–physical interdependence may exacerbate failure on the physical/cyber side and may turn into a cascading failure. Furthermore, distributed generators (DGs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) introduced into CPPS add uncertainties to both the supply side and demand side of power energy. In this paper, we detail the model of CPPS and its coupling mechanism in operation and discuss the propagation mechanism of cascading failure within and across a physical power grid and a communication network. For uncertainties of power energy in the supply and demand sides, the generation and load of each day are divided into 24 time segments for modeling. In the case study, the well-being criteria and reliability indexes are employed to analyze the effect of DGs and cyber–physical interdependence on the reliability of CPPS when DGs suffer aging failure and cyber attacks, and the simulations indicate that introducing DGs can effectively enhance the period of healthy and marginal states. Furthermore, cyber attacks can sharply destroy the CPPS compared with aging failure.
Highlights
As enormous human-made systems, physical power grids have become the most vital infrastructure in the world
Iran nuclear power plant incident in 2010 [6], the Ukraine blackout in 2015 [7], etc. These incidents manifest that cyber attacks can seriously damage the systems, and cyber–physical interdependence must be considered in the evaluation of cyber–physical power systems (CPPS) reliability
Considering cyber–physical interdependence in CPPS and uncertainties of power generated on the supply side and the power consumed on the demand side, we implement analytical methods to study the reliability of CPPS both in a connected state and an isolated state when CPPS suffers aging failure and cyber attacks
Summary
As enormous human-made systems, physical power grids have become the most vital infrastructure in the world. The physical power grid provides the communication network with power energy for operation, and the communication network supplies the physical power grid with control commands for control This cyber–physical interdependence makes coupled networks efficiently collaborate and support each other to reach autonomy [2]. Iran nuclear power plant incident in 2010 [6], the Ukraine blackout in 2015 [7], etc These incidents manifest that cyber attacks can seriously damage the systems, and cyber–physical interdependence must be considered in the evaluation of CPPS reliability. Nowadays, both a decrease in fossil fuels and the aggravation of environmental pollution have driven human beings toward developing renewable energy sources, such as hydroenergy, wind energy, solar energy, etc. Considering cyber–physical interdependence in CPPS and uncertainties of power generated on the supply side and the power consumed on the demand side, we implement analytical methods to study the reliability of CPPS both in a connected state and an isolated state when CPPS suffers aging failure and cyber attacks
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