Abstract
The rising concerns over global climate change and depleting fossil fuel reserves are two of the main reasons for the ongoing efforts towards the electrification of the transportation sector. While greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from other sectors are generally falling, emissions from the road transport have increased over the past few decades, with both full electric vehicles (FEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) being recognized as potential alternatives to combat climate change and reduce GHG emissions. However, wide-spread integration of FEVs and PHEVs will substantially increase the load on the power system which will eventually affect the reliability of existing power systems. In this paper, a probabilistic model for integrating FEVs and PHEVs with existing power grids is proposed that incorporates important FEV and PHEV characteristics, such as battery capacity, charge depleting distance, and charging rates. In addition, user behavior is taken into account through time of recharging, arrival and departure times, and daily miles driven. Furthermore, different charging strategies, i.e., opportunistic charging and controlled charging with and without vehicle-to-grid (V2G) scheme have been considered to evaluate the impact of FEVs and PHEVs on the composite power system. IEEE-RTS-79 system is used to examine the proposed probabilistic technique considering different FEV and PHEV penetration levels as well as charging strategies. Simulation results show that even a relatively low penetration level of FEVs or PHEVs might have a significant impact on the system reliability unless a proper charging and/or discharging schemes are utilized.
Highlights
Fossil fuels consumption is constantly increasing while the resources are depleting
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and full electric vehicles (FEVs), which are in this paper referred to as electric vehicles (EVs), are an upcoming technology that will help reduce the dependency on conventional resources
EVs benefit society by diminishing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing our dependence on foreign oil and, at times of peak power demand, supply energy to the grid by using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology [3]–[6]. These statements are reinforced by the fact that the cost of fueling plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) by gasoline is greater than the electricity cost, so it is estimated in [7] that a full electric driving capacity of 40 miles could result in a two-third reduction in oil consumption [7]
Summary
Fossil fuels consumption is constantly increasing while the resources are depleting. dependence on fossil fuels is a problem that needs to be urgently addressed. EVs benefit society by diminishing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing our dependence on foreign oil and, at times of peak power demand, supply energy to the grid by using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology [3]–[6] These statements are reinforced by the fact that the cost of fueling PHEVs by gasoline is greater than the electricity cost, so it is estimated in [7] that a full electric driving capacity of 40 miles could result in a two-third reduction in oil consumption [7]. In [30], the authors have developed the PHEV charging load model to evaluate the reliability of the U.S Northwest Power Pool area considering different penetration levels. The modeling of PHEVs and FEVs incorporates a number of important EV characteristics: (1) battery capacity, (2) charge depleting distance, and (3) charging rates, while user behavior is taken into account through: (4) time of recharging, (5) vehicle arrival and departure time, (6) discharge rate, and (7) miles driven. The results demonstrate that even a relatively low penetration levels of EVs might have a significant impact on the system reliability unless a proper charging strategy is implemented
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