Abstract
The load characteristic of typical household electrical equipment is elaborately analyzed. Considering the electric vehicles’ (EVs’) charging behavior and air conditioning’s thermodynamic property, an electricity price-based demand response (DR) model and an incentive-based DR model for two kinds of typical high-power electrical equipment are proposed to obtain the load curve considering two different kinds of DR mechanisms. Afterwards, a load shedding strategy is introduced to improve the traditional reliability evaluation method for distribution networks, with the capacity constraints of tie lines taken into account. Subsequently, a reliability calculation method of distribution networks considering the shortage of power supply capacity and outages is presented. Finally, the Monte Carlo method is employed to calculate the reliability index of distribution networks with different load levels, and the impacts of different DR strategies on the reliability of distribution networks are analyzed. The results show that both DR strategies can improve the distribution system reliability.
Highlights
China’s electricity generation and demands have been growing rapidly in recent years, but the annual utilization hours of power generation equipment are decreasing year-by-year, and the peak-valley difference of power system loads is gradually expanding
Increasing generation capacity to meet peak load electricity demands will lead to an increase in investment cost and a decrease in equipment utilization hours, which cannot meet the requirements of economic operation of power grid and optimal allocation of resources
According to the location of faults and their influence on other loads, the loads can be categorized into four types: (1) Type A: The loads in the fault area and their outage time depend on the time of fault isolation and repair; (2) Type B: The loads in the downstream of the fault area and their outage time depend on the load transfer time; (3) Type C: The loads in the upstream of the fault area, which can be supplied by the main transformer after fault isolation, and their outage time depend on the fault isolation time
Summary
China’s electricity generation and demands have been growing rapidly in recent years, but the annual utilization hours of power generation equipment are decreasing year-by-year, and the peak-valley difference of power system loads is gradually expanding. Reference [23] points out that the implementation of DR is limited by the accurate forecast of demand and price elasticity, and presents a novel DR model based on consumers’ information while avoiding predicting these two items Both air conditioning loads and EV loads account for a large proportion in the daily load, and enjoy a large potential for DR. The equipment in distribution networks that has not been upgraded, in time, may lead to electricity supply shortage in distribution systems These models may not perform well for calculation accuracy. An electricity price-based DR model and an incentive-based DR model are proposed for two typical items of high-power electrical equipment, considering charging behavior and thermodynamic property. The final section of the paper outlines conclusions based on this study
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