Abstract
Smart substation is the key part of smart grid. The reliability of smart substation is extremely important to the safe and stable operation of the smart grid. Smart substation is a cyber-physical system (CPS). Hence, this paper conducts reliability evaluation study for smart substation from the perspective of CPS. Firstly, the basic reliability indices of cyber and physical elements of smart substation are presented. The reliability index of one cyber element takes into account the reliability factors of data leakage, tampering, loss and delay, etc., on the cyber side. Then, the cyber-physical interactions of smart substation are analyzed. It is concluded that the effect of the cyber side and cyber-physical interactions on the reliability of smart substation is reflected in the effect of measurement and control messages on circuit breaker operation. And, the new reliability indices considering cyber-physical interactions are proposed. Furthermore, the MALI-hybrid method, which combines the Monte Carlo method, analytical method, Latin hypercube sampling method, and important sampling method, is presented for evaluating the reliability of smart substation. Finally, the rationality of the proposed reliability indices, the efficiency, and correctness of MALI-hybrid method are verified by case studies.
Highlights
With the increasing intelligent electronic devices (IED) installation, smart substation can be regarded as a typical cyber-physical systems (CPSs), in which various types of information are being exchanged on a communication network [1]
(2) e reliability indices are proposed for smart substation considering the reliability factors of the cyber side, the physical side, and the cyber-physical interactions. ese indices involve the reliability index of cyber equipment considering its importance, the reliability index of communication links considering the reliability of data transmitting on them, and the equivalent reliability indices of circuit breakers (CBs) considering cyber-physical interactions. e importance of cyber equipment refers to its effect on the communication business when the data leakage, packet error, message tampering or forgery, packet loss or interruption, and message delay occur, and it can be calculated by the proposed analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model
According to the above analysis, we can conclude that (1) the measurement information errors caused by grid disturbance and complicated running state become the main factors to be considered in the reliability evaluation of smart substation; (2) in smart substation, both the effect of cyber side on physical side, the effect of physical side on cyber side, and the interaction are delivered through the measurement and control messages, and the misoperation or refusal of the CBs resulting from wrong measurement or control messages will further affect the safe and reliable operation of the power system. us, the effect of the cyber side and cyber-physical interactions on the reliability of smart substation can be obtained through analyzing the effect of measurement and control messages on the actions of CBs
Summary
With the increasing intelligent electronic devices (IED) installation, smart substation can be regarded as a typical cyber-physical systems (CPSs), in which various types of information are being exchanged on a communication network [1]. Us, reliability evaluation for smart substation should consider the reliability factors on both the physical side and cyber side, and the interactions between the two sides. Us, the study of new reliability indices considering cyber-physical interactions and evaluation methods can provide the reference for other industrial systems. (2) e reliability indices are proposed for smart substation considering the reliability factors of the cyber side, the physical side, and the cyber-physical interactions. E importance of cyber equipment refers to its effect on the communication business when the data leakage, packet error, message tampering or forgery, packet loss or interruption, and message delay occur, and it can be calculated by the proposed AHP model. Where the set Bp1, Bp2, . . . , Bpn is the primary electrical line set on the physical side
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