Abstract
With the increase in the penetration of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) all over the world, utilities should start considering their increased demand as part of their electric demand. Generally, the literature lacks works that consider the impact of transportation electrification on the reliability of the power system. Thus, this paper proposes a new mechanism for reliability assessment including BEVs, with both grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) modes. Three charging strategies: uncontrolled, controlled unidirectional, and controlled bidirectional are considered in this paper to model the interactions between the transportation and electric power systems. A dynamic stochastic consumption model for a fleet of BEVs is developed to be used in the reliability assessment for the distribution networks. This dynamic model takes into consideration the variability and uncertainty of different trip purposes, starting and ending trip times, as well as the corresponding battery consumption in weather conditions. Furthermore, it is composed of two sequential submodels: travel behavior and battery depletion. The first submodel considers trip-related information while the second considers battery-depleted energy. Simulation results on a benchmark test system show the negative impacts of uncontrolled charging on the power system’s reliability. However, they also show that controlled charging can significantly reduce or mitigate these impacts.
Highlights
A great challenge that is currently facing the world is finding alternatives to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, as they contribute to global warming and deplete the ozone layer and fossil fuel reserves
We propose a new mechanism for reliability assessment to establish reliability indices for the consumption of normal electric loads and the demand imposed by transportation electrification
We propose a new mechanism for reliability assessment for the distribution networks under high penetration of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), including V2G mode, using a dynamic stochastic
Summary
A great challenge that is currently facing the world is finding alternatives to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, as they contribute to global warming and deplete the ozone layer and fossil fuel reserves. The authors of [19] proposed an analytical model to study the impact of BEVs on the system reliability under battery-swap mode. Developing the energy consumption model for the BEV and introducing it in the reliability analysis results in misleading outcomes This is due to the fact that the BEV battery can still gain the required charging energy fully or partially after the supply has been restored if it is still connected to the charger. We study the effects of different charging strategies, such as the uncontrolled charging strategy, controlled unidirectional strategy, and controlled bidirectional strategy as well as the impact of penetration of BEVs on the reliability of the power system. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the dynamic stochastic BEV consumption model, while Section 3 introduces the reliability analysis under different charging strategies.
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