Abstract
A clinical feeding assessment instrument to assist with early identification of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) in neonates was developed. To investigate the validity and reliability of the Neonatal Feeding Assessment Scale (NFAS) in comparison to the modified barium swallow study (MBSS) as gold standard. A within-subject design was implemented. A group of 48 late premature neonates (mean gestational age 35.5 weeks) were sampled in the neonatal intensive care unit. The NFAS consists of six subsections, including physiological stability, infant state, stress cues, screening of muscle tone and control, oral peripheral examination and feeding/swallowing assessment. 93% of participants (14/15) received confirmatory diagnosis of OPD on MBSS. The NFAS presented with high sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (88.2%) scores. The positive predictive value was 78.6%. Subsequently the accuracy of the NFAS to identify the presence of OPD accurately was 85.4% when compared to MBSS. Inter-rater reliability was determined on 35% of the sample. The inter-rater agreement on overall instrument outcome was substantial beyond chance. The NFAS may be of use to clinicians to support the early identification of OPD in this population, especially in resource constrained settings working without access to MBSS and to reach under served neonates.
Highlights
Neonatal dysphagia is a complex condition and is caused by a variety of underlying etiologies.[1,2] The condition is associated with multiple medical problems such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), congenital anomalies of the heart and gut, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), prematurity, low birth weight (LBW) and small-for-gestational age (SGA).[1]
Neonatal Feeding Assessment Scale (NFAS) results oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) was identified in fifteen participants (31.3%) and 33 participants (68.7%) did not meet the criteria to be identified with OPD on the NFAS (Table 2)
Signs and reported symptoms of oral and possible pharyngeal dysphagia could be documented on the NFAS, but pharyngeal and esophageal stage difficulties could not be confirmed without instrumental assessment
Summary
Neonatal dysphagia is a complex condition and is caused by a variety of underlying etiologies.[1,2] The condition is associated with multiple medical problems such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), congenital anomalies of the heart and gut, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), prematurity, low birth weight (LBW) and small-for-gestational age (SGA).[1]. Health Sciences License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A clinical feeding assessment instrument to assist with early identification of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) in neonates was developed. Objective: To investigate the validity and reliability of the Neonatal Feeding Assessment Scale (NFAS) in comparison to the modified barium swallow study (MBSS) as gold standard. Conclusion: The NFAS may be of use to clinicians to support the early identification of OPD in this population, especially in resource constrained settings working without access to MBSS and to reach under served neonates. Reliability and validity of the neonatal feeding assessment scale (NFAS) for the early identification of dysphagia in moderate to late preterm neonates.
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