Abstract
Globally, depressive symptoms are a leading contributor to years lived with disability. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale has been used extensively to quantify depression; yet, its psychometric properties remain contentious. This study examined the reliability and factor structure of the CES-D in the MacArthur Foundation's Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS), a nationally representative cohort study of noninstitutionalized, English-speaking adults aged 24-74 years. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to examine the reliability and factor structure of the CES-D. There were 1,233 participants who were included in the analysis (mean age = 57.3 years [SD = 11.5], 56.7% female). Cronbach's alpha of .90 was observed. The 4-factor model had the best model fit. High internal consistency was demonstrated alongside a replication of the original 4-factor structure. Continued use of the CES-D in noninstitutionalized populations is warranted.
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