Abstract
This study aimed to develop a Laotian adolescent version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), determine its reliability and validity, and examine its factorial properties. The study targeted 7554 students in lower secondary schools and teacher training colleges in Lao PDR. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed and collected from 2012 to 2014. Exploratory factor analysis was performed in three age groups using the weighted least square mean and variance adjusted estimation with robust maximum likelihood methods. The factor structure for each age group was the same; therefore, data from the full sample were analyzed further. The model was then tested by confirmatory factor analysis. A 2-factor model was determined as a common model among the age groups by using paralleled analysis. We determined a best-fitting structure comprising two factors: “Negative affect” and “Positive affect”. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.81. “Effort” items loaded on the “Somatic and retarded activity” factor in the original model but loaded on the “Positive affect” factor in the adolescent model. “Depressed affect,” “Somatic and retarded activity,” and “Interpersonal” items were combined into the “Negative affect” factor in the adolescent model.
Highlights
One in six people are aged 10 - 19 years (World Health Organization, 2018)
“Depressed affect,” “Somatic and retarded activity,” and “Interpersonal” items were combined into the “Negative affect” factor in the adolescent model
Results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) As a result of CFA, we confirmed that the two-factor model, which had been identified in the multi-group analysis, was the best fitting structure for the aggregated data with all three age groups
Summary
One in six people are aged 10 - 19 years (World Health Organization, 2018). Mental health disorders commonly emerge during adolescence (Kessler et al, 2007a) and account for 16% of the global burden of disease and injury in individuals aged 10 - 19 years (World Health Organization, 2020). Depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents globally (World Health Organization, 2020). Previous researches have reported that half of all mental health disorders start by the mid-teens (Kessler et al, 2007a, 2007b). In order to prevent mental health disorders in adolescents, early detection and treatment are essential. Children’s and adolescents” mental health needs have been neglected, especially in low- and middle-income countries (Kieling et al, 2011)
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