Abstract
BackgroundWith reports of a high prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, publication of ADHD diagnostic criteria in DSM-5, and the urgent need for a relevant diagnostic instrument conforming to DSM-5, we developed the Assessment System for Individuals with ADHD (ASIA), a Japanese semi-structured diagnostic interview. We report here the reliability and validity of ASIA ADHD diagnostic criteria.MethodsASIA ADHD criterion A corresponds to DSM-5 ADHD criterion A and has 144 original questions assessing nine inattention symptoms and nine hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms, each having four childhood and four adulthood questions. The 144 questions are evaluated on a 3-point frequency scale. ASIA ADHD criteria B to E correspond to DSM-5 ADHD criteria B to E and are evaluated on a 2-point scale. ASIA was administered to 60 adults (mean age, 29.9 ± 9.0 years; 28 males; 36 ADHD and 24 non-ADHD participants diagnosed by consensus of two experts).ResultsFor ASIA ADHD criterion A, values of Cronbach’s α for the adulthood and childhood inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms ranged from 0.64 to 0.90. Values of κ for two independent raters ranged from 0.98 to 1.00 for the 144 questions and raw agreement rates ranged from 0.97 to 1.00 for criteria B, C, D, and E. The consensus DSM-5 diagnoses endorsed 59 of the 60 ASIA diagnoses (ADHD and non-ADHD). The ADHD group scored significantly higher on 125 of the 144 questions for criterion A than the non-ADHD group. Correlations between ASIA total and subscale scores in adulthood and corresponding scores on the Japanese version of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Scales-Self Report were high.ConclusionsASIA ADHD criteria showed acceptable psychometric properties, although further investigation is necessary. The use of ASIA ADHD criteria could facilitate clinical practice and research into adult ADHD in Japan.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0525-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
With reports of a high prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, publication of ADHD diagnostic criteria in DSM-5, and the urgent need for a relevant diagnostic instrument conforming to DSM-5, we developed the Assessment System for Individuals with ADHD (ASIA), a Japanese semi-structured diagnostic interview
Part one Part one, the semi-structured ADHD diagnostic interview for which we report reliability and validity in this paper, contains ADHD criteria (A to E) similar to those in DSM-5 as well as questions devised by the authors to quantify in detail the criteria
ASIA ADHD criterion A has a total of 144 questions
Summary
With reports of a high prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, publication of ADHD diagnostic criteria in DSM-5, and the urgent need for a relevant diagnostic instrument conforming to DSM-5, we developed the Assessment System for Individuals with ADHD (ASIA), a Japanese semi-structured diagnostic interview. After adolescence, internalizing disorders and substance use disorders dominate externalizing disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder [3] Internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety interfere to varying degrees with attention, which can mimic ADHD symptoms of inattention. As DSM-5 specifies that ADHD symptoms should be present prior to 12 years of age [4], clinicians must seek evidence for childhood ADHD features to diagnose adult ADHD In many cases, this evidence is based on the patient’s memory of experiences that happened more than 10 years ago. Without a systematic diagnostic interview, diagnostic procedures for adult ADHD can differ from clinician to clinician
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