Abstract
There is currently insufficient evidence about the reliable quantification of exercise load and athlete’s recovery management for monitoring training processes. Therefore, this test–retest study investigated the reliability of various subjective, muscle force, and blood-based parameters in order to evaluate their suitability for monitoring exercise and recovery cycles. 62 subjects completed two identical 60-min continuous endurance exercise bouts intermitted by a four-week recovery period. Before, immediately after, three, and 24 h after each exercise bout, analysis of parameters were performed. Significant changes over time were found for rating of perceived exertion (RPE), multidimensional mood state questionnaire (MDMQ), maximum voluntary contraction parameters (MVCs), and blood-based biomarkers (p < 0.05). Excellent reliability was calculated for MVCs, mean corpuscular volume and 5-bound distance (ICC > 0.90). A good reliability was found for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (ICC = 0.79) and haematological markers (ICC = 0.75–0.86). For RPE, MDMQ, interleukin (IL-) 1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, cortisol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) only moderate reliability was found (ICC < 0.75). Significant associations for IL1-RA and CK to MVC were found. The excellent to moderate reliability of TBARS, LDH, IL-1RA, six measured haematological markers, MVCs and MDMQ implicate their suitability as physiological exercise response and recovery markers for monitoring athletes’ load management.
Highlights
Commonly used as objective physiological exercise response indicators[8]
(F1.44 = 153.09; p < 0.001) and cortisol (F2.33 = 99.89; p < 0.001) showed significant main effects over the measuring time points (MTPs). Both exercise trials induced an increase of thiobarbituric acids (TBARS) (Fig. 1a), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (Fig. 1b) and creatine kinase (CK) (Fig. 1d) immediately after the tests (p < 0.001), whereas no changes were found for cortisol (Fig. 1c)
The novel findings of the present study are the high reliability of TBARS, LDH, IL-1RA, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), HGB, PLT, RBC, HCT, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) after two identical controlled bouts of endurance exercise, suggesting their suitability as bloodbased biomarkers for monitoring physiological exercise response and recovery status in endurance athletes
Summary
Commonly used as objective physiological exercise response indicators[8]. markers such as creatine kinase (CK), which is released in response to muscle fiber damage, are known to have a large intraindividual and interindividual variability[9,10]. The detailed evaluation of selected haematological parameters, inflammatory markers, enzymes, and metabolic markers such as haemoglobin (HGB)[8], interleukin (IL-)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA)[11], lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)[12] or thiobarbituric acids (TBARS)[13] are still pending. These markers were chosen due to their use in exercise context analyzing immune activation, metabolic demands, or oxidative stress[14]. Regarding a comprehensive and serious assessment of athletes’ load state, the use of combinations of suitable parameters including functional testing, subjective testing and biochemical analyses should be c onsidered[15,16]. We hypothesized that some of the analyzed parameters are suitable and reliable as markers which reflect the physiological exercise response and recovery processes and can be used for sports practice
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