Abstract
ObjectiveFacial anthropometric data is important for the design of respirators. Two-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry has replaced direct anthropometric method, but the reliability and accuracy of 2D photogrammetry has not been quantified. This study aimed to assess inter-rater reliability of 2D photogrammetry and to examine the reliability and accuracy of 2D photogrammetry with direct measurement.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingMalaysia.ParticipantsA subset of 96 participants aged 18 and above.Primary and secondary outcomesTen facial dimensions were measured using direct measurement and 2D photogrammetry. An assessment of inter-rater reliability was performed using intra-class correlation (ICC) of the 2D images. In addition, ICC and Bland-Altman analyses were used to assess the reliability and agreement of 2D photogrammetry with direct measurement.ResultsExcept for head breadth and bigonial breadth, which were also found to have low inter-rater reliability, there was no significant difference in the inter-rater mean value of the 2D photogrammetry. The mean measurements derived from direct measurement and 2D photogrammetry were mostly similar. However, statistical differences were noted for two facial dimensions, i.e., bizygomatic breadth and bigonial breadth, and clinically the magnitude of difference was also significant. There were no statistical differences in respect to the remaining eight facial dimensions, where the smallest mean difference was 0.3 mm and biggest mean difference was 1.0 mm. The ICC showed head breadth had poor reliability, whilst Bland-Altman analyses showed seven out of 10 facial dimensions using 2D photogrammetry were accurate, as compared to direct measurement.ConclusionOnly certain facial measurements can be reliably and accurately measured using 2D photogrammetry, thus it is important to conduct a reliability and validation study before the use of any measurement methods in anthropometric studies. The results of this study also suggest that 2D photogrammetry can be used to supplement direct measurement for certain facial dimensions.
Highlights
Craniometry is a specific component of anthropometry that focuses on the measurement of the anatomical size of the head and face of living subjects
This study reveals that only seven out of 10 facial measurements can be measured reliably and accurately using 2D photogrammetry, it is important that a validation and reliability study is conducted before the use of any measurement methods in anthropometric studies
The results of this study suggest that, given its practical benefits of being inexpensive, non-invasive, operator dependent and less time consuming, 2D photogrammetry can be used to supplement direct measurement for facial dimensions
Summary
Craniometry is a specific component of anthropometry that focuses on the measurement of the anatomical size of the head and face of living subjects. Numerous local anthropometric studies have been undertaken to achieve various objectives for the different needs of a range of target groups such as preschool children [2], young adults [3] and older persons [4], and such studies include some that have focused on the facial anthropometry of the Malaysian population [5,6,7,8,9,10] Many of these studies highlight the importance of incorporating ergonomic principles into design to ensure end-products fit with the body conditions and sizes of the target users. It is investigator dependent, meaning that there is a possibility that the investigator may apply too much pressure on the equipment during measurement, which may distort soft tissue and introduce measurement errors
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