Abstract
Monopiles are the primary type of foundations for offshore wind turbines. Current monopile design methods do not adequately account for the effects of multidirectional loading and soil spatial variability, which may underestimate the failure probability of the foundations. This study aims to investigate the reliability of offshore monopile foundations considering the effects of multidirectional loading and soil spatial variability. A non-intrusive random finite element method combined with Monte Carlo simulation is employed. The behaviors of monopiles in different spatially variable marine soils and loading paths are simulated. Through the reliability analysis, safety factors (FSdesign) are recommended for different scenarios. The results demonstrate that the combined effects of multidirectional loading and soil spatial variability significantly affect the monopile foundation performance and that ignoring these factors will underestimate the failure probability. If the effect of multidirectional loading is more prominent or the marine soil exhibits stronger spatial variability, a larger FSdesign is required to assure an acceptable failure probability.
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