Abstract
Redundancy has been a key concept to achieve high system reliability in technical systems, and the concept is central in modern technology regulations. One important aspect of successful redundancy is independence of the redundant components. Among several dependent failures and their causes, this chapter focuses on common cause failures that are caused by external environment (e.g. fire, explosion, flooding, etc.). These failures can be prevented by implementing physical separation of redundant components. The main objective of this chapter is to (1) present basic concept of redundancy and physical separation of redundant components, (2) explore requirements for physical separation in three industries (nuclear, maritime and aviation), and (3) study how to model and analyse physically separated redundant systems, quantitatively.
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