Abstract
The key hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew while keeping a differentiation potential. Intrinsic and extrinsic cell factors may contribute to a decline in these stem cell properties, and this is of the most importance when culturing them. One of these factors is oxygen concentration, which has been closely linked to the maintenance of stemness. The widely used environmental 21% O2 concentration represents a hyperoxic non-physiological condition, which can impair stem cell behaviour by many mechanisms. The goal of this review is to understand these mechanisms underlying the oxygen signalling pathways and their negatively-associated consequences. This may provide a rationale for culturing stem cells under physiological oxygen concentration for stem cell therapy success, in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Highlights
Very much importance was given to the balance of nutrients, growth factors and pH buffers used to grow cells in vitro [1]
From a developmental point of view, the fact that adult niches remain at low oxygen pressures correlates with the PO2 values recorded in embryos, where embryonic stem cells (ESCs) develop and give rise to cells of all three germ layers
We discovered an increase in HO-1 and NQO-1 protein expression in dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) cultured at 21% compared to 3% O2 which provides the evidence that the Nrf2 defense pathway is upregulated in the atmospheric oxygen condition [137]
Summary
Very much importance was given to the balance of nutrients, growth factors and pH buffers used to grow cells in vitro [1]. CSC niches are more numerous in the atria and apex, which represent protected anatomical areas characterized by low hemodynamic stress [97,98] These CSC have been put into controversy: a study provided in vivo genetic evidence for nonmyocyte to myocyte conversion in embryonic but not adult hearts, arguing again the myogenic potential of putative stem cell populations for cardiac regeneration in the adult stage [99]. Turnover of the epithelial cell lineages within the gastrointestinal tract is a constant process under normal homeostasis and increases after damage This process is regulated by multipotent stem. From a developmental point of view, the fact that adult niches remain at low oxygen pressures correlates with the PO2 values recorded in embryos, where embryonic stem cells (ESCs) develop and give rise to cells of all three germ layers. HIF-1α is not hydroxylated and is stabilized to initiate HIF transcriptional activity [139]
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