Abstract
Relativistic hydrodynamics has been quite successful in explaining the collective behaviour of the QCD matter produced in high energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We briefly review the latest developments in the hydrodynamical modeling of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Essential ingredients of the model such as the hydrodynamic evolution equations, dissipation, initial conditions, equation of state, and freeze-out process are reviewed. We discuss observable quantities such as particle spectra and anisotropic flow and effect of viscosity on these observables. Recent developments such as event-by-event fluctuations, flow in small systems (proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions), flow in ultracentral collisions, longitudinal fluctuations, and correlations and flow in intense magnetic field are also discussed.
Highlights
The existence of both confinement and asymptotic freedom in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) has led to many speculations about its thermodynamic and transport properties
Assuming that thermalization is achieved in the early stages of heavy-ion collisions and that the interaction between the quarks is strong enough to maintain local thermodynamic equilibrium during the subsequent expansion, the time evolution of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and hadronic matter can be described by the laws of fluid dynamics [21,22,23,24]
In the late stage of hydrodynamics evolution of hot and dense nuclear matter created in high energy heavy-ion collisions, the density and the temperature reach a critical value when the constituents no longer collide among themselves and thereafter they move in a straight trajectory towards the detectors
Summary
The existence of both confinement and asymptotic freedom in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) has led to many speculations about its thermodynamic and transport properties. It is possible to create hot and dense nuclear matter with very high energy densities in relatively large volumes by colliding ultrarelativistic heavy ions In these conditions, the nuclear matter created may be close to (local) thermodynamic equilibrium, providing the opportunity to investigate the various phases and the thermodynamic and transport properties of QCD. Assuming that thermalization is achieved in the early stages of heavy-ion collisions and that the interaction between the quarks is strong enough to maintain local thermodynamic equilibrium during the subsequent expansion, the time evolution of the QGP and hadronic matter can be described by the laws of fluid dynamics [21,22,23,24]. We shall discuss the general aspects of the formulation of relativistic fluid dynamics and its application to the physics of high energy heavy-ion collisions.
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