Abstract

AbstractThe physical description of a system consisting of many degrees of freedom is in general quite complicated. However, if one is interested in the large-distance, long-time scale behavior of the system, it becomes possible to devise an effective theory, taking into account only the degrees of freedom that are relevant on these scales. This happens because, on macroscopic time and length scales, we are not able to observe the microscopic degrees of freedom of the underlying theory, but only average quantities resulting from interactions on the microscopic level. Most of the microscopic quantities vary rapidly in space and time, leading to very small changes of the average values, and are not expected to contribute to the macroscopic dynamics.

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