Relative stabilities of weakly coordinating anions: a computational study.

Abstract

This article describes BP86/SV(P) (DFT) calculations on a representative set of weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) of type [M(L)n]-, their parent neutral Lewis acids M(L)(n-1) and their ate complexes with fluoride, that is, [FM(L)(n)](n-1) (M=B, L=F, OTeF5, C6H5, C6F5, C6H3(CF3)2, CF3; M=P, As, Sb, L=F, OTeF5; M=Al, L=OC(CF3)3). Compounds with fluoride bridges, that is, Sb(n)F(5n) and [Sb(n)F(5n+1)]- (n=2, 3, 4), Al2(L)5F and [(L)3Al-F-Al(L)3]- (L=OC(CF3)3), (F4C6[1,2-B(L)2]2, [F4C6[1,2-B(L)2]2F]-, [F4C6[1,2-B(L)2]2OMe]- (L=C6F5) were also calculated. Based on these BP86/SV(P) and auxiliary MP2/TZVPP, G2, and CBS-Q calculations the relative stabilities and coordinating abilities of these WCAs were established with regard to the fluoride ion affinities (FIA) of the parent Lewis acids, the ligand affinity (LA) of the WCAs, the decomposition of a given WCA in the presence of a hard (H+, proton decomposition PD) and a soft electrophile (Cu+, copper decomposition CuD), the position of the HOMO, the HOMO-LUMO gap, and population analyses of the anions providing partial charges for all atoms. To obtain data that is more reliable, the assessed quantities were calculated through isodesmic reactions. If parts of the calculations could not be done isodesmically, higher levels such as MP2/TZVPP, G2, and CBS-Q were used to obtain reliable values for these reactions. Although the obtained results can not be taken as absolute, the relative ordering of the stabilities of all WCAs will undoubtedly be correct, since a single methodology was chosen for the investigation. To include media effects the decomposition reactions of a subset of 14 WCAs with the SiMe3+ and [Cp2ZrMe]+ ions were also calculated in PhCl and 1,2-F2C6H4 (COSMO solvation model). We found that in most cases gas-phase calculations and solution calculations give comparable results for the stability of the anion. Applications of the LA and FIA that allow one to decide, on thermodynamic grounds, which WCA or Lewis acid is the most suitable for a given problem are sketched.