Relative Hand Grip and Back Muscle Strength, but Not Mean Muscle Strength, as Risk Factors for Incident Metabolic Syndrome and Its Metabolic Components: 16 Years of Follow-Up in a Population-Based Cohort Study

Seung Ku Lee,Chol Shin,Yoo Jeong Jeon

doi:10.3390/app11115198

Seung Ku Lee, Chol Shin + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115198

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Abstract

Muscle strength is associated with health outcomes and can be considered an important disease predictor. There are several studies examining the relationship between hand grip strength (HGS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, no results have been reported for long term longitudinal studies. In this study, we investigated the relationship between mean HGS, back muscle strength (BMS), relative HGS and BMS, and MetS. A total of 2538 non-MetS subjects aged 40–69 years (1215 women and 1323 men) in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Ansan cohort were followed for 16 years. The relationships between incident MetS (iMetS) and muscle strength were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models after adjusting for the confounding factors. Increases in standard deviation (SD) and the lower quartile groups for relative HGS and BMS were significantly associated with iMetS in men and women. Moreover, increases in SD and high quintile groups (decreased HGS group) for the delta change in the mean and relative HGS were significantly associated with iMetS in men only. In addition, SD increases for the relative HGS and BMS were significantly associated with iMetS components in men and women. The present study suggests that lower relative HGS and BMS are associated with high risk for the future development of MetS.

Highlights

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can lead to serious disabilities and mortality [1]
Mean Handgrip strength (HGS), back muscle strength (BMS), body mass index (BMI), Weight, and waist circumference (WC)-relative muscle strength levels were higher in men than in women (p < 0.001)
The present study revealed that BMI, weight, and WC-relative HGS and BMS at baseline were independently associated with incident MetS (iMetS) in men and women

Summary

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can lead to serious disabilities and mortality [1]. MetS, termed insulin resistance syndrome, the deadly quartet, and syndrome X syndrome, is defined as having three or more of five cardiovascular risk factors, including central obesity, hyperglycemia, decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated triglyceride (TG), and elevated blood pressure [2]. Muscle mass and strength generally increase in adolescents and young people and decrease naturally throughout middle and old age [5]. HGS may be a critical important disease predictor because HGS is associated with health outcomes, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [8], hypertension (HTN) [9], mortality [10], and cognitive impairment [11]

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