Relative bulk density as a measure of compaction and its influence on tree height

Abstract

Soil compaction often limits conifer regeneration on sites degraded by landings and roads, but inadequate understanding of the relationship between compaction and tree growth could lead to inappropriate soil conservation and rehabilitation efforts. We tested liquid and plastic limits, oxidizable organic matter, total carbon, particle size distribution, and iron and aluminum oxides on soil samples collected from five forest experiments in interior British Columbia. These data were used to estimate soil maximum bulk density (MBD) and relative bulk density (RBD); our objective was to relate RBD to tree growth. Height of interior Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Bessin) Franco) was limited when RBD was >0.72. For lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) and hybrid white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), RBDs of 0.60–0.68 corresponded to maximum height, whereas RBDs of 0.78–0.87 appeared to limit height growth. The presence of surface organic material mitigated compaction and was often associated with lower RBD. Our results illustrate the usefulness of RBD to assess compaction and suggest that soil rehabilitation should be considered on disturbed sites where soil RBD is >0.80.