Relationships of blood pressure and control with microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes

Abstract

BackgroundIn type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), cardiovascular risk factors including glycemic control differentially affect various microcirculatory beds. To date, studies comparing the impact of blood pressure (BP) on various microvascular beds in T2D are limited. We assessed the associations of BP and its control with neural, renal, and retinal microvascular dysfunction. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study among 403 adults with T2D. Microvascular dysfunction was based on nephropathy (albumin-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g), neuropathy (vibration perception threshold ≥ 25 V and/or Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score > 1), and retinopathy (based on retinal photography). Logistic regression was used to examine the associations of hypertension, systolic BP, and diastolic BP with microvascular dysfunction with adjustments for age, sex, diabetes duration, smoking pack years, HbA1c concentration, total cholesterol concentration, and BMI. ResultsThe mean age (± SD), proportion of females, and proportion of hypertensives were 56.35 (± 9.91) years, 75.7%, and 49.1%, respectively. In a fully adjusted model, hypertension was significantly associated with neuropathy [odds ratio 3.44, 95% confidence interval 1.96–6.04, P < 0.001] and nephropathy [2.05 (1.09–3.85), 0.026] but not for retinopathy [0.98 (0.42–2.31), 0.970]. Increasing Z-score systolic BP was significantly associated with nephropathy [1.43 (1.05–1.97), 0.025] but not for neuropathy [1.28 (0.98–1.67), 0.075] or retinopathy [1.27 (0.84–1.91), 0.261]. Increasing Z-score diastolic BP was significantly associated with nephropathy [1.81 (1.32 – 2.49), < 0.001] but not retinopathy [1.38 (0.92–2.05), 0.120] or neuropathy [0.86 (0.67–1.10), 0.230]. ConclusionOur study shows varying strengths of associations of hypertension, systolic BP, and diastolic BP with microvascular dysfunction in different microcirculatory beds. Hypertension prevention and/or control may be valuable in the prevention/treatment of microvascular disease, especially nephropathy, and neuropathy.