Abstract
As private tutoring has expanded worldwide, it has been noted that private tutoring and associated emotional distress can affect sleep duration and the health of adolescent students. However, the relationships between extra-school tutoring time, somatic symptoms, defined as physical symptoms of emotional distress, and sleep duration in adolescents has rarely been determined. The aim of this study was to identify these relationships in adolescent students. Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were analyzed to address the research questions. Weekday sleep duration, extra-school tutoring time, and somatic symptoms were measured using adolescents’ self-report questionnaires. A multilevel, structural equation model was utilized to test the relationships between these variables and was deemed appropriate considering the repeated measure of the panel data. After controlling for respondent sex, parent working status and education level, and family structure, adolescents’ extra-school tutoring time and level of somatic symptoms were associated with sleep duration during weekdays. Furthermore, the association between extra-school tutoring time and sleep duration was partially mediated by somatic symptoms. Korean adolescent students slept less than the recommended duration. Intervention programs that increase parental interest and attention in adolescent students’ lives, not only focused on academic achievement but also emotional distress is needed. Researchers and policymakers should understand recommended age-appropriate sleep duration and the educational culture and provide balanced strategies between the consideration of the effect of private education on academic achievement and the need to guarantee physical and mental health in adolescent students.
Highlights
Sleep patterns change throughout life [1], and childhood sleep patterns change dramatically from preadolescence to adolescence
The results showed that the time Korean adolescent students spend on tutoring activities outside school impacted sleep duration directly, and indirectly measured by level of somatic symptoms related with emotional distress/problem
The results showed that, after controlling for respondent sex, parental working status, parental education level, and family type, the hours spent on tutoring outside school (B (standard error (SE)) = −2.06 (0.41), p < 0.001) and adolescent level of somatic symptoms (B (SE) = −6.79 (1.48), p < 0.001) were negatively associated with sleep duration
Summary
Sleep patterns change throughout life [1], and childhood sleep patterns change dramatically from preadolescence to adolescence. As children transition from childhood to adolescence, marked changes occur in physiologic, psychologic, cognitive, and social domains, all of which have a substantial effect on sleep habits [2]. Shorter sleep duration is associated with multiple indicators of adverse health status and a lower likelihood of better self-rated health (SRH) [3]. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8037; doi:10.3390/ijerph17218037 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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