Relationships among resistin, adiponectin, and leptin and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

We analysed whether pre- and post-transplant serum adiponectin levels in renal transplant patients were associated with new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). The mean post-transplant follow-up duration was 47.9 months. Of 98 previously non-diabetic renal transplant patients, 12 were diagnosed with NODAT and 86 without (non-NODAT). There was a significant inverse correlation between mean post-transplant serum adiponectin level and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = -0.22, P = 0.03), and a positive correlation between follow-up duration after transplantation and HOMA-IR (r = 0.28, P = 0.005). The mean pre- and post-transplant serum adiponectin levels in NODAT patients were significantly lower than those in non-NODAT patients (13.3 vs. 21.0 microg/ml and 13.0 vs. 16.4 microg/ml, P = 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). In addition, the post-transplant serum adiponectin level in patients treated with tacrolimus (TAC) was significantly lower than that in patients with cyclosporine (14.3 vs. 18.7 microg/ml, P = 0.01), while, that level in patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) was significantly higher than that in patients without treatment of ARB (17.9 vs. 14.7 microg/ml, P = 0.01). Our results indicate that post-transplant serum adiponectin levels are decreased after transplantation in association with insulin resistance in the development of NODAT, and that TAC and ARB influence the level of adiponectin in serum.

Adiponectin is primarily known for its protective role in metabolic diseases, and it also possesses immunoregulatory properties. Elevated levels of adiponectin have been observed in various inflammatory diseases. However, studies investigating adiponectin levels in the serum of COVID-19 patients have yielded conflicting results. This study aimed to assess serum adiponectin levels in 26 healthy controls, as well as in 64 patients with moderate and 60 patients with severe COVID-19, to determine a potential association between serum adiponectin and the severity of COVID-19. Serum adiponectin levels in severe COVID-19 patients were significantly lower than in those with moderate disease and healthy controls, who exhibited similar serum adiponectin levels. Among patients with moderate disease, positive correlations were observed between serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels. Of note, serum adiponectin levels of severe COVID-19 cases were comparable between patients with and without dialysis or vasopressor therapy. Superinfection with bacteria did not exert a notable influence on serum adiponectin levels in patients with severe disease. Patients who were diagnosed with severe COVID-19 and vancomycin-resistant enterococci bacteremia showed a significant reduction in their serum adiponectin levels. An analysis conducted on the entire cohort, including both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients, showed that individuals who did not survive had lower serum adiponectin levels when compared to those who survived. In summary, this study highlights a decrease in serum adiponectin levels in severe COVID-19 cases, indicating the potential utility of adiponectin as an additional biomarker for monitoring disease severity in COVID-19 or critical illnesses in general.

To observe the changes of serum adiponectin (AP) levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and explore the correlation between serum AP and polysomnography (PSG) parameters in patients with OSAHS. The data of subjects who underwent PSG at the hospital between January 2021 and December 2022 were collected retrospectively and divided into simple snoring group (AHI < 5 times/h, n = 45), mild OSAHS group (5 ≤ AHI < 15 times/h, n = 63), moderate OSAHS group (15 ≤ AHI ≤ 30 times/h, n = 52), and severe OSAHS group (AHI > 30 times/h, n = 60). The general data, PSG indices, and serological indices of the subjects were collected and compared between groups. Pearson correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis were employed to examine the correlation between serum AP level and PSG parameters. Ordered logistic regression was employed to analyze the risk factors influencing the severity of OSAHS. The predictive capability of the serum AP level in determining the occurrence of OSAHS was assessed using ROC. The serum AP levels of subjects with different subtypes of PSG indicators were compared. In the simple snoring group, mild OSAHS group, moderate OSAHS group, and severe OSAHS group, there were statistically significant differences in microarousal count, MAI, AHI, times of blood oxygen decreased by ≥ 3%, L-SaO2, and TS90% among the 4 groups (P < 0.05). The level of serum AP was positively correlated with L-SaO2 and negatively correlated with the proportion of REM, microarousal count, MAI, AHI, times of blood oxygen decreased by ≥ 3%, TS90%, and LP (P < 0.05). High AHI was a risk factor affecting the severity of OSAHS (95% CI: 1.446-4.170). The AUC of serum AP level in diagnosing OSAHS was 0.906 (95% CI: 0.8601-0.9521), and when the Youden Index was 0.678, the sensitivity was 88.9%, and the specificity was 78.9% (P < 0.0001). In the population with a high microarousal count, high AHI, and high times of blood oxygen decreased by ≥ 3% and high TS90%, the serum AP level was lower than that in the low-level population (P < 0.05). In the population with high L-SaO2, the serum AP level was higher than that in low-level population (P < 0.05). The level of serum AP decreased with the increase of the disease severity of patients with OSAHS and demonstrates a significant predictive capability for the occurrence of OSAHS. Monitoring the level of serum AP can effectively forecast the risk of OSAHS. Furthermore, alterations in serum AP levels are associated with both hypoxemia and a heightened frequency of arousal in patients with OSAHS.

Background:Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, is implicated in diabetes mellitus type 2 and atherosclerosis. The study was designed to investigate whether serum adiponectin levels in patients with both coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) are lower than in patients with CAD alone and control subjects.Objectives:In this present study, we measured serum adiponectin levels in consecutive CAD patients with and without T2DM and investigated whether decreased adiponectin is associated with risk factors of CAD.Materials and Methods:The study included 198 subjects, 138 patients with CAD (72 of whom had both CAD and T2DM), and 60 control subjects. We measured serum adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and insulin by ELISA. In addition, Lipid profile, glucose and anthropometrical measurements were performed in all subjects.Results:The results revealed significant difference in serum adiponectin levels between patients with CAD+T2DM and patients with CAD alone (3.80 ± 1.52 vs. 5.25 ± 2.35, P = 0.007), between patients with CAD and control (5.25 ± 2.35 vs. 7.04 ± 3.32, P = 0.001), and between patients with CAD + T2DM and control (3.80 ± 1.52 vs. 7.04 ± 3.32, P < 0.001). Serum adiponectin level was significantly higher in women in contrast to men (5.97 ± 3.15 vs. 4.62 ± 2.81 µg/ml, P = 0.002). Serum adiponectin levels were correlated significantly with insulin (r = -0.178, P = 0.013), total cholesterol (r = -0.313, P < 0.001), low density lipoprotein (r = -0.154, P = 0.016), body mass index (r = -0.171, P = 0.016), glucose (r = -0.202, P = 0.006), HOMA-IR (r= -0.251, P = 0.001), and IL-6 levels (r = -0.321, P = 0.001). Adiponectin was correlated positively only with high density lipoprotein (r = 0.389, P < 0.001).Conclusions:It is speculated that increased insulin resistance and increase in other adipokines such as IL-6 may contribute to the decreased serum levels of adiponectin in patients with both CAD and T2DM.

Objective: To explore the relationship between serum 1, 5-dehydratoglucitol (1, 5-AG) level and insulin resistance, microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The clinical data of 836 patients with T2DM admitted to the Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to University of South China from May to December 2023 were retrospectively and cross-sectionally analyzed. Serum 1, 5-AG levels were detected by pyranose oxidase method. According to the microvascular complications (diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy), the patients were divided into simple group (no microvascular complications, n=490), complication group 1 (1 microvascular complications, n=217), and complication group 2 (2 or more microvascular complications, n=129). The relationship between serum 1, 5-AG level and the related indicators of insulin resistance in T2DM patients were explored by Spearman correlation analysis, and the influencing factors of microvascular complications in T2DM patients were explored by multiple ordered logistic regression analysis. Results: The levels of FBG(fasting blood glucose) [(7.37±0.56) mmol/L], FINS(fasting insulin) [(11.34±1.86) mU/L] and HOMA-IR(homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) (0.96±0.31) in simple group were lower than those in complication group 1 [(8.37±1.02) mmol/L, (16.26±2.32) mU/L, (1.32±0.41)], complication group 2 [(10.25±2.13) mmol/L, (18.53±2.67) mU/L, (1.54±0.44)], and FBG, FINS and HOMA-IR in complication group 1 were lower than those in complication group 2, and the differences were statistically significant (F=537.470, 791.690, 136.340, P<0.001). Serum 1, 5-AG level in simple group [77.16 (16.30, 128.07) μg/ml] was higher than that in complication group 1 [51.05 (14.67, 63.18) μg/ml] and complication group 2 [30.42 (12.53, 47.26) μg/ml], and the serum level of 1, 5-AG in complication group 1 was higher than that in complication group 2, and the difference was statistically significant (H=210.020, P<0.001). The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum 1, 5-AG level was negatively correlated with FBG, FINS and HOMA-IR in T2DM patients (r=-0.431, -0.372, -0.546, P<0.001). The results of multiple ordered logistic regression analysis showed that Longer duration of diabetes (OR=2.261, 95%CI: 1.564-3.269), increased HbA1c (OR=2.040, 95%CI: 1.456-2.858), and increased HOMA-IR (OR=2.158, 95%CI: 1.484-3.137) and decreased 1, 5-AG (OR=2.512, 95%CI: 1.691-3.732) were independent risk factors for microvascular complications in T2DM patients (P<0.05). The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of serum 1, 5-AG in the identification of one microvascular complication was 0.763 (95%CI: 0.731-0.795), and the area under the curve of serum 1, 5-AG in the identification of two or more microvascular complications was 0.730 (95%CI: 0.692-0.767). Conclusion: Serum 1, 5-AG level is negatively correlated with insulin resistance in T2DM patients. Low serum 1, 5-AG level may be an independent risk factor for microvascular complications in T2DM patients.

Introduction/Objective. Adiponectin and resistin are important adipokines that play an important role in the regulation of blood sugar, beta-oxidation in muscles, and insulin resistance. This study aimed to assess and compare the relationships of resistin and adiponectin concentrations with glucometabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods. A total of 191 subjects were studied. The final selection included 107 patients with T2DM (67 males and 40 females) and 84 healthy control subjects (45 males and 39 females). Fasting venous blood samples were analyzed for glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, lipids, adiponectin and resistin levels. Body composition was evaluated in all subjects by the body mass index (BMI) and waist?hip ratio (WHR). Results. BMI, WHR, FBG, HbA1c, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher in individuals with T2DM compared to healthy volunteers. Serum resistin levels were significantly higher (p = 0.0259) and serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower (p = 0.0001) in T2DM patients than in control subjects. Adiponectin levels were significantly lower (p = 0.0411) in diabetes patients with poor glycemic control, compared to those with good glycemic control, while the difference was non-significant for resistin (p = 0.8899). Serum adiponectin levels were discordant with HbA1c (r = -0.274, p = 0.004). Linear-by-linear association showed significant trend of better glycemic control at increasing quartiles of adiponectin levels (p = 0.042), while the trend was not significant for resistin levels (p = 0.904). Multiple regression analysis revealed FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c as significant predictors of adiponectin. Conclusions. T2DM patients have significantly higher resistin and lower adiponectin levels compared to healthy controls. Adiponectin levels were significantly lower in patients with poor glycemic control.

Increased Insulin Resistance and Serum Resistin in Korean Patients with Behçet's Disease

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the difference in serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with periodontitis and in periodontally healthy individuals and evaluate the changes in circulating leptin and adiponectin after periodontal therapy. Leptin and adiponectin are the most generally studied adipokines that function as inflammatory cytokines. Although the association between periodontitis and serum levels of leptin and adiponectin has been studied extensively, the results were not consistent.MethodsA systematic search of the Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to September 2016 was conducted. The studies were screened and selected by two writers according to the specific eligibility criteria. The quality of included cross-sectional studies was assessed using the quality assessment form recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies. The meta-analyses were conducted using the STATA 12.0 software.ResultsA total of 399 manuscripts were yielded and 25 studies were included in the present meta-analysis. Significantly elevated serum levels of leptin and decreased serum levels of adiponectin in patients with periodontitis were observed in the subgroup analysis of body mass index (BMI) <30. The overall and subgroup analyses showed no significant change in the serum levels of leptin in patients with periodontitis after periodontal treatment. The subgroup analysis of systemically healthy patients showed no significant change in serum levels of adiponectin in patients with periodontitis after periodontal treatment.ConclusionsThe present meta-analysis supported elevated serum levels of leptin and decreased serum levels of adiponectin in patients with periodontitis compared with controls in the BMI <30 population. In systemically healthy patients with periodontitis, serum levels of leptin and adiponectin do not significantly change after periodontal treatment.

To investigate the serum leptin and adiponectin levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, and their relationship with insulin resistance. A total of 120 cases were enrolled and divided into two groups: NAFLD group (n = 60) and normal control group (n = 60). The serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. The body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (Tchol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) , aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance) were detected and analyzed. Compared with control group, the serum leptin level in NAFLD group was Significantly higher [(12.37+/-1.99) microg/L vs (5.20+/-1.03) microg/L, P less than 0.01], while the serum adiponectin level was significantly lower [(12.69+/-2.83) mg/L vs (22.83+/-4.61) mg/L, P less than 0.01]. HOMA-IR was also much higher in NAFLD group than that in control group[(4.86+/-0.63) vs (1.91+/-0.41), P less than 0.01]. Logistic regression analysis showed that leptin was positively correlated with WHR (beta value = 8.175, P less than 0.01), HOMA-IR (beta value = 0.974, P less than 0.01 ), FBG (beta value = 0.564, P less than 0.01 ). In contrast, adiponectin inversely associated with HOMA-IR (beta value = -0.495, P less than 0.01 ) and BMI (beta value = -0.314, P less than 0.01) respectively. The increased serum leptin level and decreased serum adiponectin level in NAFLD patients independently associated with HOMA-IR.

Objective:To observe the changes of serum adiponectin level in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),and to study the correlation between the serum level of adiponectin and NAFLD. Methods: A total of 110 patients with NAFLD who were hospitalized from Feb. 2006 to Mar. 2008 were included in this study. The patients were divided into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) group (n=52,group 1) and simple fatty liver group (n=58,group 2). Fifty-four healthy volunteers were taken as normal control (group 3). The height,weight,and body mass index (BMI) were measured in all groups. The fasting blood samples were obtained to examine serum adiponectin,TC,TG,HDL-C and LDL-C. Stepwise regression method was used to analyze relationship between the serum level of adiponectin and NAFLD. Results: The serum adiponectin and HDL-C levels in group 1 and group 2 were significantly lower than those in group 3 (P0.01); the levels of TC,TG,and LDL-C were significantly higher than those of group 3 (P0.01). The serum adiponectin in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (P0.05). Lower serum adiponectin and HDL-C levels (P0.05) and higher AST level (P0.01) were found in group 2 than those in simple fatty liver patients. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients,serum adiponectin level was negatively correlated with the levels of TC,TG (r=-0.436,P0.05; r=-0.567,P0.01,respectively) and positively correlated with the level of HDL-C (r=0.524,P0.01). Conclusion: The serum adiponectin level is correlated with the severity of NAFLD patients,and examination of serum adiponectin may be helpful in understanding the status of NAFLD patients.

Familial mediterranean fever (FMF) is a systemic disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of fever and polyserositis. In FMF, several pro-inflammatory cytokines have been found to be elevated during the attacks. In recent years, it is shown that some proteins originated from adipose tissue play important role in inflammatory process. One of them, adiponectin decreases the expression of adhesion molecules and inhibits the attachment of active macrophages to the endothelial surface, so that it acts antiinflammatory effect. In this study, we analyzed the possible role of serum adiponectin in the pathogenesis of FMF. Thirty five patients with FMF and 13 healthy controls (5 female,8 male; mean age 22.3 ± 4.2 years) were enrolled in this study. Fifteen patients were in active stage (6 female, 9 male, mean age; 22.4 ± 4.1 years, mean disease duration 6.1±2.3 years) and 20 patients were in inactive stage (6 female,14 male, mean age;22.6 ±4.2 years, mean disease duration; 5.7 ± 1.6 years). Serum adiponectin and IL-6 levels were determined by ELISA. The mean serum adiponectin levels were 5.3 ±1.6 ng/ml in healthy controls, 55.3 ± 21.8 ng/ml in active FMF patients and 17.1 ± 4.7 ng/ml in inactive FMF patients. The mean serum IL-6 levels were 1.9 ± 0.4 ng/ml in healthy controls, 4.7 ± 1.1 ng/ml in active FMF patients and 2.9 ± 1.3 ng/ml in inactive FMF patients. Serum adiponectin levels in patients with FMF were significantly higher than in healthy controls (p<0.001). Serum adiponectin levels were significantly high both in active FMF patients and in inactive FMF patients compared with healthy control (p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively). Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher both in patients with active and inactive disease as compared with healthy controls (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). In serum adiponectin levels were correlated with high levels of serum IL-6 in the active and inactive patients. Serum adiponectin and IL-6 levels were during both active and inactive stages in patents with FMF.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of serum adiponectin and visfa- tin in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and to investigate their potential roles in insulin resistance and obesity in T2DM. Methods: The study was carried out in 45 patients with T2DM and 20 sex and age matched healthy control subjects (n=20). According to the body mass index (BMI) 45 patients were divided into two subgroups; one group was nonobese diabetic patients with 18.50 < BMI < 24.99kg/m 2 (n=20) and the other group was type 2 diabetic obese diabetic patients with BMI ≥30kg/m 2 (n=25). Serum adiponectin and visfatin levels were determined by using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay) method. The insulin resistance index was as- sessed by homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Serum adiponectin levels in obese and non-obese diabetic subjects was low when compared to the control group ( p<0.001 and p<0.01; respectively). Conversely adiponectin, visfatin levels compared with control was higher in obese diabetic (p<0.001). When adi- ponectin was negatively correlated with duration of diabetes, body mass index, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and glucose, visfatin was positively correlated with HOMA-IR and body mass index. Conclusion: Diabetic patients compared with healthy control group decreased serum adipo- nectin and increased serum visfatin levels may be useful in the elucidation of the connection between obesity - insulin resistance.

Objective: This study was done to explore the correlation if any, between obesity markers adiponectin, leptin, and protein oxidative stress (OS) status in obese with and without type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients.&#x0D; Methods: In the present study, 30 healthy subjects, 30 obese non-diabetics, and 30 obese T2DM patients were enrolled. Protein OS parameters such as advanced oxidation of protein products (AOPPs) and protein carbonyl (PC) were estimated. Serum leptin, adiponectin, and insulin levels were measured by ELISA.&#x0D; Results: The AOPP, PC, leptin, leptin adiponectin ratio (LAR), insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were significantly higher in obese non-diabetic and obese T2DM as compared to healthy control (p&lt;0.001). However, serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower in obese non-diabetic and obese T2DM as compared to control (p&lt;0.001). HOMA-IR and LAR both the index of IR were increased in obese non-diabetic and obese T2DM. Positive correlations were observed for AOPP with body mass index, PC in obese non-diabetic and with fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HOMA-IR, and PC in obese T2DM. A negative correlation was found between PC and adiponectin in obese non-diabetic and obese T2DM. A significant inverse correlation was obtained between leptin and adiponectin in obese T2DM only.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study suggested that increased protein OS, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia may lead to hypoadiponectinemia in obese with and without T2DM. Moreover, determination of protein oxidation markers can be useful for monitoring the dysregulation of adipokines and glucose metabolism in obesity and T2DM.

In this study, serum adiponectin and resistin levels were determined in 46 patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and their correlation with serum sexual hormones and insulin resistance (IR) were examined. The subjects included 26 obese patients with body mass index (BMI)>25 and 20 non-obese patients with BMI[Symbol: see text]25, with 25 obese and 25 non-obese healthy volunteers without PCOS serving as controls. Serum adiponectin and resistin levels in all subjects were measured, and endocrinal and metabolic indices were also analysed. Our results showed that the serum adiponectin levels in both obese and non-obese PCOS groups were significantly lower than their controls, while the serum resistin levels in obese and non-obese PCOS group were significantly higher than in their controls (P<0.001). The serum adiponectin level was significantly lower and serum resistin level significantly higher in the non-obese PCOS group as compared with the obese control group (P<0.05). Serum adiponectin level was negatively correlated with FIN, HOMA-IR, LH and LH/FSH (P<0.05), but serum resistin level was positively correlated with FIN, HOMA-IR, LH and LH/FSH (P<0.05). We are led to conclude that PCOS patients have obvious IR, low serum adiponectin and high serum resistin, and adiponectin and resistin might play important roles in the pathogenesis of IR in PCOS patients.

Background: tuberculosis (TB) is a multisystem disease with myriad presentations and manifestations that may be pulmonary or extra-pulmonary. It is the most common cause of infectious diseases related mortality worldwide. Mechanisms underlying host defense to TB infection are poorly understood. Adiponectin is a protein produced exclusively in adipose tissue; it is lower in obese subjects than their lean counterparts. Another adipocyte hormone is leptin which is higher with fat mass and body mass index (BMI). Wasting is a known feature of TB with a decrease in BMI. Patients with pulmonary TB disease often suffer from weight loss and BMI and leptin are known to be inversely correlated with adiponectin. Thus, increased adiponectin may be a promising marker for severity of the disease independent of the BMI and leptin. Aims of the work: the work aimed to evaluate the levels of serum adiponectin in patients with pulmonary TB in both active and latent TB patients as a diagnostic marker for tuberculous inflammation. Also, levels of serum leptin and measured BMI were evaluated and compared to make a relationship among active TB, latent TB, and healthy control groups. Subjects and Methods: the subjects were divided into 3 equal groups. The 1st group included 25 patients with active pulmonary TB. The 2nd group included 25 patients with latent TB after 6 months of diagnosis. The 3rd group included 25 healthy control volunteers. Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin were measured and BMI values were calculated to all groups. Results: Serum adiponectin levels in patients with active pulmonary TB were very highly significantly increased compared to both latent TB patients and healthy subjects (P<0.0001), while serum adiponectin levels in patients with latent pulmonary TB were only significantly increased compared to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). On the other hand, serum leptin levels in patients with active pulmonary TB were very highly significantly decreased compared to both latent TB patients and healthy subjects (P<0.0001), while serum leptin levels in patients with latent pulmonary TB were only significantly decreased compared to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). Also, BMI in patients with active pulmonary TB were very highly significantly decreased compared to both latent TB patients and healthy subjects (P<0.001), while BMI in patients with latent pulmonary TB were only significantly decreased compared to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion: the higher levels of adiponectin with lower levels of leptin in association with lower BMI measurements might indicate activity and severity of the TB disease. On the other hand, the lower levels of adiponectin with higher levels of leptin in association with higher BMI measurements might indicate stability and latency of the TB disease. Thus, increased adiponectin in the serum of pulmonary TB patients may be promising markers for severity of the disease independent of the BMI and leptin levels.