Abstract
High whole-body and visceral adiposity are risk factors that can cause metabolic diseases. We hypothesized that the total hemoglobin concentration (total-Hb) in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SATab), an indicator of white adipose tissue (WAT) vascularity, correlates negatively with risk factors for developing metabolic diseases, such as whole-body and visceral adiposity. We tested the optical characteristics of abdominal tissue in 140 participants (45 men and 95 women) who were apparently healthy individuals with a median age of 39 years. They also had a median body fat percentage of 25.4%, a visceral fat area of 50.4 cm2, and a SATab thickness of 1.05 cm. These tests were conducted using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) with a 2-cm optode separation. To distinguish the segments of SATab (SegSAT) and the mixture of muscle and SATab (SegSAT+Mus), the threshold was analyzed using the slopes of (total-Hb) against the thickness of SATab using the least-squares mean method. According to the results from the logistic regression analysis, the percentage of body fat and visceral fat area remained significant predictors of the (total-Hb) (p = 0.005 and p = 0.043, respectively) in the data for SegSAT (no influence from the SATab thickness). We conclude that simple, rapid, and noninvasive NIRTRS-determined (total-Hb) in WAT could be a useful parameter for evaluating risk factors for metabolic diseases.
Highlights
White adipose tissue (WAT), which is constantly remodeled by metabolic challenges, is one of the most plastic tissues in multicellular beings
The participants arrived at the laboratory and the following parameters were measured: (Total-Hb), μa, μs 0, subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdomen (SATab), percentage of whole-body fat (%BF), and visceral fat area (VFA)
We found from the SATab (SegSAT ) measurements that a significant correlation exists between microvascular density evaluated by and whole body and visceral adiposity without influenced by the thickness of SATab
Summary
White adipose tissue (WAT), which is constantly remodeled by metabolic challenges, is one of the most plastic tissues in multicellular beings. The capillary density of WAT varies for individual organs depending on their metabolic rate, e.g., the capillary density of the prenatal depot is much higher than in the subcutaneous one [1]. The vascular network in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdomen (SATab ) of a non-obese group is greater than that for an obese group. Along with the increase in vascularity owing to the increase in energy demand due to exercise, mitochondrial gene expression in WAT can shift to a metabolically active brown and/or beige type [2,3]. Long-term adaptation or remodeling of the vascular network in adipocytes is needed for maintaining energy homeostasis in WAT [4].
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