Relationship of Myocardial Gadolinium Enhancement to Late Clinical Outcomes: Implications for the COVID-19 era

Abstract

In April 2021, coronavirus (COVID-19) surpassed 130 million cases and accounted for three million deaths, globally [[1]World Health Organization (WHO)WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Geneva: WHO.https://covid19.who.int/Date accessed: March 28, 2021Google Scholar]. A recent study established one-third of individuals, 2 months post-recovery from COVID-19 with low normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), exhibited myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) [[2]Puntmann V.O. Carerj M.L. Wieters I. Fahim M. Arendt C. Hoffmann J. et al.Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).JAMA Cardiology. 2020; 5: 1265-1273Crossref PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar]. To advance understanding regarding implications for prognosis of such findings [[2]Puntmann V.O. Carerj M.L. Wieters I. Fahim M. Arendt C. Hoffmann J. et al.Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).JAMA Cardiology. 2020; 5: 1265-1273Crossref PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar,[3]Greulich S. Seitz A. Müller K.A.L. Grün S. Ong P. Ebadi N. et al.Predictors of mortality in patients with biopsy-proven viral myocarditis: 10-year outcome data.J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9: e015351Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar], we report late outcomes associated with LGE and preserved LVEF amongst an historical Australian cohort i.e., before the current COVID-19 era. One-hundred-and-fifty-two (152) patients who undertook CMR between January 2008-December 2018 (1.5 Tesla [T]) were retrospectively assessed for attainment of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), comprising; cardiovascular (CV)-associated mortality, heart failure (HF) hospitalisation and/or cardiac arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation and/or ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia). LGE+ was defined by a hyper-enhanced myocardial signal, >2SD above normal myocardium. Exclusion criteria included obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) (defined as >70% stenosis) or current/later developed definite cardiomyopathy phenotype including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or cardiac sarcoidosis. An age/gender-matched control cohort (LGE-) was utilised for comparison. Institutional ethical approval was obtained. Baseline mean study participant age was 51.9±15.3 years (69.7% male). LGE- (n=58) and LGE+ (n=94) groups were well-matched for age (p=0.10) and gender (p=0.35). LGE more frequently occurred with a mid-wall enhancement pattern (n=91) versus transmural (n=4), p<0.0001 (Figure 1A). Note, one patient had both mid-wall and transmural patterns of enhancement. Mean LVEF was lower in the LGE+ group however, remained within normal range (LGE+ vs LGE-; 55.5±14.1% vs 66.9±5.1%, p<0.0001). The retrospective analysis occurred over an average of 5.0±2.1 years, during which 70 (46.1%) participants experienced MACE. Two (2) patients (1.3%) experienced CV-associated mortality, 59 (38.8%) HF-hospitalisation and 46 (30.3%) cardiac arrhythmia. LGE+ patients had over three-fold greater occurrence of MACE (LGE+ vs LGE-; 62.8% vs 19.0%; p<0.0001). The LGE+ cohort was further sub-grouped by LVEF status; preserved (EF≥50%; n=66; 70.2%) or reduced (EF<50%, n=28, 29.8%). Upon comparison, no significant difference in MACE occurrence was noted (LGE+/LVEF≥50% [n=37] vs LGE+/LVEF<50% [n=22]; 56.1% vs 78.6%; p=0.06). The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated progressive and significant attainment of MACE across all cohorts (p<0.0001; Figure 1B). In conclusion, LGE on CMR is associated with long-term adverse clinical outcomes. These findings are significant as COVID-19-associated myocarditis incidence is likely to substantially increase, where patients will require careful follow-up. Uncertainty remains as to whether access to CMR in Australia can meet this clinical demand as there are currently no provisions made for this category of imaging on the Medicare Benefits Schedule.