Relationship of high leptin levels with an adverse lipid and insulin profile in 6–8 year-old children in Spain

Abstract

Background and aimsLeptin, an adipokine elevated in obesity, may be related to an adverse cardiovascular risk profile in childhood. However, evidence for this relationship in pre-pubertal children is scarce. We aimed to analyze the relationship between leptin levels and lipid and insulin profiles in Spanish children. Methods and resultsOur population-based sample included 389 males and 369 females aged 6–8 years. Lipid levels were determined by standard methods, insulin by radioimmunoassay and leptin by sandwich ELISA.Leptin levels were higher in girls (8.6 ng/ml) than boys (4.7 ng/ml) (p < 0.001). Leptin increased from ages 6 to 8 in girls, but remained steady in boys. In both sexes, leptin increased significantly (p < 0.001) across weight category from normal weight to obese. Children in the highest tertile of leptin concentration showed significantly (p < 0.01) lower levels of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein-AI (apo-AI) and significantly higher triglyceride (TG) levels than children in lower tertiles. However, in linear regression analysis, after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), leptin only accounted for 1.5% of the variance of HDL-C in boys, and 2.6% of the variance of apo-AI in girls. Leptin was strongly and positively correlated with insulin and HOMA. Upon regression analysis, leptin contributed to over 20% of the variability in insulin and HOMA, independent of BMI. ConclusionLeptin levels show sex differences in pre-pubertal children. In this age group, leptin levels are strongly related to insulin, and affect lipid profile –namely HDL-C, apo-AI and TG– particularly when leptin levels are high.