Relationship of binding-site occupancy, transthyretin stabilisation and disease modification in patients with tafamidis-treated transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background Tafamidis inhibits progression of transthyretin (TTR) amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) by binding TTR tetramer and inhibiting dissociation to monomers capable of denaturation and deposition in cardiac tissue. While the phase 3 ATTR-ACT trial demonstrated the efficacy of tafamidis, the degree to which the approved dose captures the full potential of the mechanism has yet to be assessed. Methods We developed a model of dynamic TTR concentrations in plasma to relate TTR occupancy by tafamidis to TTR stabilisation. We then developed population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic models to characterise the relationship between stabilisation and measures of disease progression. Results Modelling individual patient data of tafamidis exposure and increased plasma TTR confirmed that single-site binding provides complete tetramer stabilisation in vivo. The approved dose was estimated to reduce unbound TTR tetramer by 92%, and was associated with 53%, 56% and 49% decreases in the rate of change in NT-proBNP, KCCQ-OS, and six-minute walk test disease progression measures, respectively. Simulating complete TTR stabilisation predicted slightly greater reductions of 58%, 61% and 54%, respectively. Conclusions These findings support the value of TTR stabilisation as a clinically beneficial treatment option in ATTR-CM and the ability of tafamidis to realise nearly the full therapeutic benefit of this mechanism. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01994889