Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with inflammation. An association between vitamin D deficiency and inflammation also exists. Our study attempts to examine whether there may be a relationship between vitamin D and HIV viral load (HIV RNA) by: 1) characterizing the distribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and 2) determining if 25-OHD is independently associated with HIV RNA. A cross-sectional study among HIV-infected adults was conducted. Demographics, clinical / social / HIV characteristics and data on antiretroviral therapy were collected by questionnaire, medical records and laboratory testing. All patients provided blood samples. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to quantify the relationship between vitamin D and HIV RNA. Among the 564 patients, the median (interquartile range, IQR) 25-OHD value was 24.42 (16.22 - 34.10) ng/mL. The mean (standard deviation, SD) log-HIV RNA was 3.51 (1.11) copies/mL. There were 304 patients (53.9%) with an undetectable HIV RNA (< 500 copies/mL). In the bivariate analyses, no differences were observed between patients with and without an undetectable HIV RNA in mean (SD) 25-OHD, 25-OHD insufficiency (< 30 ng/mL), or 25-OHD deciles. In the log-binomial regression analyses, there was no association between 25-OHD and an undetectable HIV RNA (prevalence ratio: 1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.99 - 1.01, p = 0.67). No relationship was observed between 25-OHD and HIV RNA among HIV-infected patients in Kazakhstan.
Highlights
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with inflammation
This study evaluated the relationship between vitamin D and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA among HIV-infected patients receiving care in Kazakhstan
The log-binomial regression analysis found no significant independent association between 25-OHD and an undetectable HIV RNA
Summary
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with inflammation. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to quantify the relationship between vitamin D and HIV RNA. No differences were observed between patients with and without an undetectable HIV RNA in mean (SD) 25-OHD, 25-OHD insufficiency (< 30 ng/mL), or 25-OHD deciles. In the log-binomial regression analyses, there was no association between 25-OHD and an undetectable HIV RNA (prevalence ratio: 1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.99 – 1.01, p = 0.67). Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are vulnerable to the effects of chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation and early immunosenescence [1]. Interest has grown in identifying biomarkers of inflammation, like vitamin D, as an early marker of immunosenescence among individuals with HIV [7,8,9,10]. Understanding this relationship may help us better predict the onset of immunosenescence
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