Abstract
Normal-range sleep duration is an important factor for general health and metabolism, and insufficient or excessive sleep is associated with chronic metabolic disease. Among the many factors that affect sleep duration, sun exposure plays an important role in maintaining regular circadian rhythm and is also involved in the production and activation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], which regulates various functions in the body. However, 25(OH)D is available through food and various nutritional supplements without sun exposure, so it is important to find out the complex relationship among sun exposure, vitamin D status, and sleep duration. The relationship between sun exposure, vitamin D status, and sleep duration was analyzed in the nationwide survey and examination of 25,534 study populations, after adjusting for demographic characteristics, physical characteristics, lifestyle status, and socio-demographic variables. Vitamin D status alone did not show the relationship with sleep duration, although there were statistical relationships in the various factors including sun exposure with sleep duration. There was a statistical difference in 25(OH)D according to sleep duration, only in low sun exposure group. Subjects with low sun exposure and excessive sleep duration comparatively lower 25(OH)D than those with normal-range sleep, even after adjustment for potentially confounding factors. Individuals with limited exposure to sunlight should maintain adequate vitamin D status to have an appropriate sleep duration for health.
Highlights
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], which is greatly affected by sunlight exposure, regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the maintenance of a healthy musculoskeletal system
A total of 14490 enrolled participants were divided into three groups according to sleep duration: normal-range sleep group (‘6 to 9 hours’, 83.6%), sleep insufficient group (‘less than 6 hours’, 13%), and excessive sleep group (‘more than 10 hours’, 3.4%)
Participants with low sun exposure were most likely to be in the normal-range sleep group than in the sleep insufficient or excessive sleep group
Summary
A KNHANES nurse asked survey participants “How many hours a day do you usually sleep?” and recorded their response[28]. From this response, sleep duration was divided into three groups: less than 6 hours, 6 to 9 hours, and more than 10 hours. To analyze differences in serum vitamin D status between sleep duration groups, the Rao-Scott chi-square test (using PROC SURVEYFREQ in SAS) was used. Model 3 was adjusted for lifestyle status (smoking status, drinking status, and regular exercise) and socio-demographic factors (family income, educational level, occupation, and region of residence), generating model 4. Alcohol consumption Regular exercise Region of residence Family income Educational level
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