Abstract
Background: To evaluate the association of sleep factors (sleep duration, self-reported trouble sleeping, diagnosed sleep disorder) and combined sleep behaviors with the risk of hypertension. Methods: We analyzed 12,166 adults aged 30–79 years who participated in the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sleep duration, self-reported trouble sleeping and sleep disorders were collected using a standardized questionnaire. We included three sleep factors (sleep duration, self-reported trouble sleeping and sleep disorder) to generate an overall sleep score, ranging from 0 to 3. We then defined the sleep pattern as “healthy sleep pattern” (overall sleep score = 3), “intermediate sleep pattern” (overall sleep score = 2), and “poor sleep pattern” (0 ≤ overall sleep score ≤ 1) based on the overall sleep score. The definition of hypertension was based on self-reported antihypertensive medication use or biological measurement (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg). We used weighted logistic regression models to investigate the associations between sleep and hypertension. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 37.8%. A short sleep duration (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.33, p = 0.001), self-reported trouble sleeping (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.65, p < 0.001) and sleep disorder (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.66, p = 0.012) were related to the risk of hypertension. Poor sleep patterns were closely correlated with the risk of hypertension (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.62 to 2.24). Conclusions: Participants with poor sleep patterns were associated with an increased risk for hypertension.
Highlights
Hypertension is the key preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality worldwide, and rates of hypertension are increasing due to population aging and unfavorable lifestyle factors [1].In addition to the main factors related to diet and physical activity, the association between sleep and hypertension has been recently studied extensively
A longitudinal study based on a Chinese population found that a short sleep duration, but not a long sleep duration, was a risk factor for hypertension [8]
The overall prevalence of hypertension was 37.8% (38.3% in males, 37.3% in females), and participants with poor sleep patterns appeared to have a higher prevalence of hypertension (Table 2)
Summary
Hypertension is the key preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality worldwide, and rates of hypertension are increasing due to population aging and unfavorable lifestyle factors [1].In addition to the main factors related to diet and physical activity, the association between sleep and hypertension has been recently studied extensively. Meta-analyses have found that short and long sleep durations are associated with a higher risk of hypertension [4,5]. A cross-sectional study with over 700,000 people found that both short and long sleep durations were associated with increased hypertension risk [6]. Short sleep duration, defined as less than 7, 6 or 5 h of sleep per night, is associated with the risk of hypertension [7]. A longitudinal study based on a Chinese population found that a short sleep duration, but not a long sleep duration, was a risk factor for hypertension [8]. To evaluate the association of sleep factors (sleep duration, self-reported trouble sleeping, diagnosed sleep disorder) and combined sleep behaviors with the risk of hypertension
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