Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the fl owering characteristic of apples and their relationship to meteorological parameters. The trees observed are grown at Újfehértó, Eastern Hungary in the plantation of an assortment (gene bank) with 586 apple varieties. Each of the varieties were observed as for their dates of subsequent phenophases, the beginning of bloom, main bloom and the end of bloom over a period between 1984 and 2001 during this period the meteorological data-base keeps the following variables: daily means of temperature (°C), daily maximum temperature (°C), daily minimum temperature (°C), daily precipitation sums (mm), daily sums of sunny hours, daily means of the differences between the day-time and night-time temperatures (°C), average differences between temperatures of successive daily means (°C). Between the 90th and 147th day of the year over the 18 years of observation. The early blooming varieties start blooming at 10–21April. The varieties of intermediate bloom start at the interval 20 April to 3 May, whereas the late blooming group start at 2–10 May. Among the meteorological variables of the former autumnal and hibernal periods, the hibernal maxima were the most active factor infl uencing the start of bloom in the subsequent spring.
Highlights
Survey of the purpose and importance of monitoring plant phenological processes and its literatureGrowth and development of plants is fundamentally coded in their inherited genetic constitution, but manifestation of the expression of the particular genes depends on the complex effects of a defined environment
The trees observed are grown at Újfehértó in the plantation of an assortment of apple varieties of the Society of Public Utility for Fruit Growing and Extension Service
Within the interval of 1984–2001 over 18 years, the earliest bloom started in 1990 April 3, and the latest in 1997 May 1
Summary
Survey of the purpose and importance of monitoring plant phenological processes and its literatureGrowth and development of plants is fundamentally coded in their inherited genetic constitution, but manifestation of the expression of the particular genes depends on the complex effects of a defined environment. In addition to happening determined mainly by the local climate, other components of the site are changing the fate of living organisms, as the soil and other biotic and abiotic factors, especially the agroor phytotechnical interventions of man, which may modify substantially even the original climatic conditions e.g. by watering and nutrition. It is almost a common-sense that the rate of growth development is largely under the influence of the climate and the weather conditions. The life of a plant during the whole year is divided into distinct phenophases, which are not obligately coincident with developmental phases not always recognized by naked eye
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