Abstract
This study examines the influence of punitive parental discipline on child-to-parent violence (CPV). The moderating roles of parental context (stress and parental ineffectiveness), mode of implementation of parental discipline (parental impulsivity or warmth/support) and the gender of the aggressor in the relationship between punitive discipline and CPV are examined. The study included 1543 university students between 18 and 25 years old (50.2% males, Mage = 19.9 years, SD = 1.9) who retrospectively described their experience between the ages of 12 and 17 years old. The results indicated that stress, ineffectiveness and parental impulsivity increase the negative effect of punitive discipline on CPV. There is no moderating effect of parental warmth/support. The gender of the aggressor is only a moderator in the case of violence toward the father, and the effect of punitive discipline is stronger in males than in females. The study draws conclusions regarding the importance of context and the mode by which parents discipline their children, aspects that can aggravate the adverse effects of physical and psychological punishment on CPV. It is necessary for interventions to focus not only on promoting positive disciplinary strategies but also on the mode in which they are administered and on contextual aspects.
Highlights
Violence of children toward their parents is a form of domestic violence that is currently internationally recognized as a social problem [1]
A linear regression analysis was used to assess the direct relationship between punitive discipline (PD) and the child-to-parent violence (CPV)-F and CPV-M factors
The relationship between parental stress and CPV has been confirmed in several studies [31,41,42,43,44,45], and the results of the present study indicate that the negative influence of PD on CPV is aggravated in the context of parental stress
Summary
Violence of children toward their parents is a form of domestic violence that is currently internationally recognized as a social problem [1]. Studies from the perspective of the intergenerational transmission of violence (e.g., [17,18,19]) propose that as a result of observational learning and imitation of adult models [20], children from violent homes are more likely to become violent since they internalize that aggression as an adequate way to cope with interpersonal conflicts. This exposure to violence at home can occur through the observation of violence
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