Abstract
To evaluate the association between prolonged second stage of labor and the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes with a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE were searched using the search strategy “Labor Stage, Second” AND (length OR duration OR prolonged OR abnormal OR excessive). Observational studies that examine the relationship between prolonged second stage of labor and neonatal outcomes were selected. Prolonged second stage of labor was defined as 4 h or more in nulliparous women and 3 h or more in multiparous women. The main neonatal outcomes were 5 min Apgar score <7, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, neonatal sepsis and neonatal death. Data collection and quality assessment were carried out independently by the three reviewers. Twelve studies were selected including 266,479 women. In nulliparous women, a second stage duration greater than 4 h increased the risk of 5 min Apgar score <7, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and neonatal sepsis and intubation. In multiparous women, a second stage of labor greater than 3 h was related to 5 min Apgar score <7, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, meconium staining and composite neonatal morbidity. Prolonged second stage of labor increased the risk of 5 min Apgar score <7 and admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in nulliparous and multiparous women, without increasing the risk of neonatal death. This review demonstrates that prolonged second stage of labor increases the risk of neonatal complications in nulliparous and multiparous women.
Highlights
The second stage of labor is the period of time between full cervical dilatation and birth of the baby, during which the woman has an involuntary urge to bear down, as a result of expulsive uterine contractions [1].The description of the onset of the second stage of labor in clinical practice is often not precisely known
This review demonstrates that prolonged second stage of labor increases the risk of neonatal complications in nulliparous and multiparous women
By combining three studies (n = 82,053) [4,20,21], we found that the risk of neonatal sepsis increased when the duration of the second stage of labor was longer than 4 h with respect to when the second stage of labor was ≤ 4 h (OR, 1.57; 95% CI 1.07–2.29)
Summary
The second stage of labor is the period of time between full cervical dilatation and birth of the baby, during which the woman has an involuntary urge to bear down, as a result of expulsive uterine contractions [1]. The description of the onset of the second stage of labor in clinical practice is often not precisely known. If complete dilatation is found on vaginal examination, it remains uncertain how long this cervical status has been present [2]. Multiple observational studies [2,3,4] have observed an increase in maternal complications associated with a prolonged second stage of labor, such as operative vaginal delivery, Int. J. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7762; doi:10.3390/ijerph17217762 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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